A man buried in Hungary in the Middle Neolithic era

I2739
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2739
Date:
5307 BCE - 5069 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
T2c1
Y-DNA:
G-PF3430
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11
Coordinates:
46.2086, 18.7000
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), which flourished in Central Europe during the early Neolithic period, approximately between 5500 and 4500 BCE, marked a significant phase in the transition from hunting and gathering to settled agricultural societies. The LBK is primarily characterized by its distinctive pottery and was one of the first cultures in Europe to practice farming on a large scale. In what is now Hungary, as well as other parts of Central and Eastern Europe, the LBK played a crucial role in the spread of agriculture and the development of complex societies.

Settlement Patterns and Architecture

LBK communities were generally small, consisting of villages with longhouses, which were the typical dwelling structures. These longhouses were often rectangular and sizeable, measuring up to 20 meters in length and 5-7 meters in width. The construction was primarily of timber, with wattle and daub walls and thatched roofs. In Hungary, LBK settlements were usually located in fertile river valleys, which provided rich soils for agriculture, ample water resources, and natural defense advantages.

Subsistence and Economy

The Linear Pottery Culture was founded on a mixed farming economy. The primary crops cultivated included various cereals such as emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, and legumes like peas and lentils. Animal husbandry was also significant, with cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats being the principal domesticated species. This development of agriculture allowed the LBK communities to sustain larger populations and promote sedentism. Additionally, there is evidence of hunting and gathering, with wild game, fish, and various plant resources supplementing the diet.

Pottery and Material Culture

One of the most defining features of the LBK is its pottery, notable for its linear and geometric decorations etched into the surfaces, giving the culture its name. Pottery was not only functional but also served as a medium for artistic expression. The vessels were primarily used for storage, cooking, and serving food and beverages. Flint tools were prevalent, including long blades used as sickles, arrowheads, and other domestic tools. Stone axes and adzes, often made from imported raw materials, highlight the development of specialized tool production and trade networks.

Social Organization and Life

The social structure of LBK societies is believed to have been relatively egalitarian based on archaeological evidence. However, some degree of social stratification could be inferred from differential access to goods and burial practices. Graves, often simple pits, occasionally contained grave goods such as tools and pottery, indicating a belief in an afterlife and perhaps some societal hierarchy.

Trade and Interaction

LBK communities participated in extensive trade networks, evidenced by the distribution of non-local raw materials like Spondylus shells from the Mediterranean, obsidian from the Carpathian Mountains, and other exotic goods. These networks facilitated not only economic transactions but also the exchange of ideas and cultural practices across vast distances.

Cultural Practices and Spirituality

The spiritual and religious aspects of the LBK culture remain less understood due to limited direct evidence. However, the presence of figurines, treated human remains, and ritual deposits suggest a rich spiritual life with likely reverence for ancestors and nature. The variability in burial practices may also reflect diverse beliefs and rituals.

Legacy

The LBK represents a critical stage in the prehistoric development of Europe, acting as a catalyst for the spread of agricultural practices across vast regions. In Hungary, the influence of the LBK laid foundational cultural and economic elements that influenced subsequent Neolithic cultures in the region. Its legacy can be seen in the continuity of agricultural practices, settlement patterns, and technological advancements that shaped the prehistoric and historical trajectories of Central Europe.

Though much remains to be discovered about this fascinating culture, the LBK’s contributions to the Neolithicization of Europe are invaluable, marking a period of innovation, adaptation, and expansion that fundamentally altered human history on the continent.

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I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0176 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5209 BCE Szemely-Hegyes, Hungary View
I1496 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5211 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
I1904 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5209 BCE Bátaszék-Lajvér, Hungary View
I1882 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Budakeszi. Szőlőskert-Tangazdaság, Hungary View
I1883 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5303 BCE Tolna-Mözs TO26, Hungary View
I4181 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Bölcske-Gyűrűsvölgy, Hungary View
I4196 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Budakeszi. Szőlőskert-Tangazdaság, Hungary View
I2739 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I3536 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1506 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5306 BCE Polgár-Ferenci hát. M3-31, Hungary View
NE6 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5211 BCE Apc-Berekalya-1 (Heves County, Hatvan), Hungary View
I29891 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5208 BCE Vonyarcvashegy-Mandulás lakópart III. ütem (Zala County, Vonyarcvashegy), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2739) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 73%
European Hunter-Gatherers 22%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2739) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 71%
Southern European 71%
Sardinian 39.0%
Italian 22.0%
Iberian 10.4%
Asia 18%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 16%
Levantine 16.5%
Northern West Asian 2%
Cypriot 1.9%
Africa 10%
North African 10%
North African 9.6%
Egyptian 0.7%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2739 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2739,0.11360778,0.1605456,0.0092385,-0.05703032,0.04931346,-0.02699002,-0.00270818,0.0033043,0.03830268,0.06725438,-0.00208714,0.0117812,-0.02065846,-0.01249498,-0.0138488,0.00586502,0.0152201,0.00025182,0.00047788,-0.00371966,-0.00121876,0.00421988,-0.01152182,-0.0180928,0.0040327
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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