A man buried in Hungary in the Middle Neolithic era

I4188
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I4188
Date:
5300 BCE - 4900 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
K1a1
Y-DNA:
I-M223
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Polgár-Piócás
Coordinates:
47.8651, 21.1253
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (ALPC) in Hungary is an integral part of the broader Neolithic era in Europe, characterized by significant developments in agriculture, social organization, and material culture. This culture, flourishing approximately between 5300 and 4500 BCE, is closely related to the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) but exhibits distinctive regional adaptations and innovations.

Geographical Context and Chronology

The Alföld Linear Pottery Culture is primarily concentrated in the Great Hungarian Plain, also known as the Alföld, which provides a rich agricultural setting with fertile soils and ample water resources from river systems like the Tisza and the Danube. This strategic location facilitated interactions with neighboring cultures and influenced the ALPC's economic and social development.

Subsistence and Economy

One of the hallmarks of the ALPC is the transition from a foraging lifestyle to a sedentary agricultural one. The inhabitants engaged in mixed farming, cultivating cereals such as wheat and barley, and legumes like peas and lentils. They also practiced animal husbandry, raising domesticated animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The combination of plant cultivation and animal breeding provided a stable food supply and encouraged permanent settlements.

Settlements and Architecture

ALPC settlements were typically small, consisting of several longhouses made of timber and wattle-and-daub construction. These structures, sometimes reaching up to 20 meters in length, were arranged in dispersed patterns rather than clustered villages. The settlement patterns reflect a semi-nucleated strategy, possibly designed to exploit diverse ecological zones for farming and grazing.

Material Culture

The material culture of the ALPC is distinguished by its ceramics, which exhibit a high degree of craftsmanship. Pottery from this period is characterized by finely made vessels with incised or impressed linear decorations, hence the name \Linear Pottery." These motifs often include simple geometric shapes, lines, and sometimes representational figures, possibly imbued with symbolic meanings related to social identity or spiritual beliefs.

Additionally, stone tools are prevalent, with a variety of implements crafted from local and imported flint, obsidian, and other stones. These tools were used for a range of purposes, including farming, hunting, and household activities.

Social Structure and Community Life

The ALPC communities likely had a relatively egalitarian social structure, oriented around kinship and communal cooperation in agricultural and domestic tasks. However, the presence of specialized artifacts and regional trading networks suggests emerging social differentiation, with some individuals or groups gaining prestige through control of resources or trade.

The existence of burial sites within settlements indicates ancestral veneration and a connection between the living community and their forebears. Burials often contain grave goods, including pottery and stone tools, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife or the importance of funerary rituals.

Trade and Interaction

The Alföld region’s location facilitated trade and interaction with adjacent cultural groups, which is evident in the spread of stylistic elements and materials across regions. The exchange networks included raw materials like flint and obsidian, as well as finished goods, fostering cultural exchange and technological diffusion.

Legacy and Influence

The ALPC forms a critical link in the Neolithic transition in Central Europe, between the initial spread of farming from the Near East and the subsequent development of complex societies in Europe. Its innovations in agriculture, settlement organization, and ceramics had lasting impacts on succeeding cultures, including the Tiszapolgár and Cucuteni-Trypillian cultures.

In summary, the Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture in Hungary represents a dynamic and transformative period characterized by advancements in agriculture, settlement patterns, and material culture. Its legacy is embedded in the broader narrative of the European Neolithic, highlighting the processes of adaptation and innovation that orchestrated the rise of sedentary agricultural communities."

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1500 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5301 BCE Kompolt-Kigyoser, Hungary View
I1498 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5297 BCE Debrecen Tocopart Erdoalja, Hungary View
I1505 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5210 BCE Polgár-Ferenci hát. M3-31, Hungary View
I2383 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I2384 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I4188 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I3535 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4188) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 65%
European Hunter-Gatherers 24%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 11%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4188) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 98%
Southern European 98%
Sardinian 39.9%
Italian 32.5%
Balkan 26.1%
Asia 2%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 2%
Arabian 1.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I4188 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I4188,0.10964066,0.15817066,0.01008864,-0.05626532,0.04761266,-0.02728456,-0.0028448,0.00392986,0.04119866,0.0601712,-0.00101524,0.0087082,-0.01382686,-0.01069898,-0.01276528,0.00734526,0.01062612,0.0008812,0.00174542,-0.00122398,0.00171116,0.00605524,-0.01158062,-0.01730462,0.00281675
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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