A woman buried in Hungary in the Middle Neolithic era

I2380
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2380
Date:
5500 BCE - 5300 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
K1a1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szatmár Group, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás
Coordinates:
47.7813, 20.5826
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic period in Europe, specifically the Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szatmár Group in Hungary, represents a fascinating era of prehistoric development. This period, occurring approximately between 5000 and 4500 BCE, is significant for its advancements in agricultural practices, social structures, and material culture, which collectively contributed to the region’s transition into more complex societal formations.

Geographic and Environmental Context

The Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (ALPC), part of the larger Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) complex, was situated primarily in the Great Hungarian Plain, an expansive flatland that provided fertile soils conducive to agricultural practices. The Szatmár Group, identified as a specific subgroup within the ALPC, occupied the eastern part of this region. This area is characterized by its river systems, most notably the Tisza River, which supported early agricultural communities through irrigation and fertile floodplains.

Subsistence and Economy

The Szatmár Group, like other ALPC communities, relied heavily on agriculture as their main subsistence strategy. They cultivated a variety of crops such as emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley, along with legumes like peas and lentils. These early farmers practiced crop rotation and possibly utilized slash-and-burn techniques to clear and enrich the land.

Animal husbandry was also a crucial aspect of their economy, with cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep being the primary domesticated species. These animals provided meat, milk, and secondary products like wool, which were essential for their survival and economic activities.

Settlement Patterns and Architecture

Settlements of the Szatmár Group were typically small, scattered village communities, with houses constructed from wattle and daub, featuring thatched roofs. These houses were usually rectangular and could be several meters long, reflecting a transition towards more permanent habitation structures in contrast to earlier nomadic lifestyles.

The distribution of these settlements suggests a semi-sedentary lifestyle, where communities might move periodically to exploit new land resources. The organization of these villages indicates a degree of social coordination and suggests emerging complexities in social structures.

Material Culture and Technology

The pottery of the Szatmár Group is among the most distinctive features of their material culture. Known for its linear decorations, the pottery was hand-made and often featured incised or impressed motifs, which were sometimes filled with a white paste to highlight the designs. These ceramics not only served functional purposes but also held significant cultural value, likely used in social and ritual contexts.

In addition to pottery, the Szatmár Group crafted tools from flint, bone, and stone. The tools, including sickles, blades, and axes, were crucial for both agricultural and domestic activities.

Social and Ritual Aspects

The Szatmár Group exhibits evidence of social stratification, albeit in its nascent stages. The presence of longhouses, differing in size and construction quality, implies variations in social status or family size within these communities.

Burial practices provide insight into the social and ideological world of the Szatmár Group. Graves were often found within settlements, suggesting a close connection between the living and the dead. The inclusion of grave goods such as pottery, tools, and ornaments indicates beliefs in an afterlife and the significance of personal possessions in death.

Interactions and Trade

The Szatmár Group engaged in trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring Neolithic groups, as evidenced by the spread of pottery styles, lithic materials, and other goods. Exchanges likely occurred along the river systems, serving as natural routes for the movement of goods and ideas.

Conclusion

The Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szatmár Group in Hungary signifies a pivotal era in European prehistory. Through their advancements in agriculture, settlement structures, and material culture, they laid foundational aspects for subsequent Neolithic societies. Their legacy is an integral part of understanding the complex tapestry of human development during the Neolithic period in Europe.

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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2380 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szatmár Group, Hungary 5500 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I2382 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szatmár Group, Hungary 5500 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I3537 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szatmár Group, Hungary 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2380) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 71%
European Hunter-Gatherers 21%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 8%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2380) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 94%
Southern European 94%
Italian 53.9%
Sardinian 24.3%
Iberian 12.3%
Balkan 3.6%
Asia 5%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 5%
Levantine 4.6%
Northern West Asian 0%
Africa 1%
North African 1%
North African 0.7%
Oceania 0%
Melanesian 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2380 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2380,0.11262244,0.16022232,0.01494616,-0.05334518,0.05203452,-0.0261079,-0.00297728,0.00451174,0.041809,0.06598586,-0.00203588,0.01144434,-0.01945304,-0.01309702,-0.01143936,0.00633004,0.01071678,0.00043024,0.00073732,-0.00223974,0.0013575,0.00587994,-0.01252716,-0.01850468,0.00350361
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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