A man buried in Hungary in the Early Neolithic era

I1877
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1877
Date:
5713 BCE - 5556 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
X2d1
Y-DNA:
G-PF3430
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 2, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep
Coordinates:
46.2086, 18.7000
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture, particularly its manifestation in Hungary, represents a significant chapter in the prehistoric period of Southeast Europe. The Starčevo Culture, named after the eponymous site near the village of Starčevo in Serbia, flourished approximately between 6200 and 5600 BCE and is considered one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in Central Europe. It plays a crucial role in the spread of agrarian societies from the Near East into Europe.

Geographical Context

The Starčevo culture stretched across parts of modern-day Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, and Romania, thriving predominantly in the Pannonian Plain. In Hungary, sites associated with this culture have been found in the southern part, along major rivers such as the Danube and the Tisza, which provided fertile lands for agriculture and easy access to transportation routes.

Settlement Patterns

Starčevo communities typically lived in small-sized settlements, a pattern consistent with Neolithic villages in Europe. The settlements were usually situated on river terraces to avoid flooding yet remain close enough to rivers for water resources. Evidence suggests that some Starčevo villages were temporary or semi-permanent, indicating a level of mobility that might have been necessary due to shifting agricultural practices or resource depletion.

Dwelling structures were predominantly rectangular or sometimes oval-shaped, made primarily of wattle and daub with timber frames, reflecting a simple yet effective construction method suited for the resources available and the need for relatively quick construction.

Economy and Subsistence

The Starčevo culture signified a pivotal advancement in human economy with a clear shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one centered on agriculture and animal husbandry. People cultivated crops such as wheat, barley, and legumes, utilizing rudimentary farming techniques. Livestock included domesticated sheep, goats, and pigs, with some evidence of cattle breeding. This diversification in subsistence strategies represents the early stages of the Neolithic agricultural revolution in this region.

Material Culture and Technology

The Starčevo culture is noted for its distinctive ceramic production. Pottery typically features simple, functional forms with minimal decoration, although some vessels exhibit geometric patterns or incised motifs, indicative of an emerging aesthetic sense. These ceramic styles serve as vital archaeological indicators for identifying Starčevo sites and understanding cultural exchanges between groups.

Lithic technology in the Starčevo culture involved the use of flint for creating tools like blades and microliths. Ground-stone tools such as axes and adzes were also essential, reflecting the transition towards an agricultural lifestyle requiring effective tools for land cultivation and forest clearance.

Social Structure and Organization

While specific details about the social organization of Starčevo communities remain elusive due to the lack of written records, archaeological evidence suggests a relatively egalitarian society typical of Neolithic communities. The absence of monumental architecture or large differences in grave goods among burials implies that these were small, closely-knit egalitarian groups with shared resources and cooperative labor divisions.

Religious and Ritual Practices

Evidence for religious beliefs in the Starčevo culture primarily comes from figurines and ritual objects. Figurines, often anthropomorphic, possibly symbolized fertility and were likely used in domestic rituals. The use and burial of these objects suggest the inhabitants held beliefs centered around domestic prosperity, protection, and perhaps fertility.

Legacy and Influence

The Starčevo culture, alongside its counterparts like the Körös and Criș cultures, laid the foundational stone for further Neolithic developments in Europe. It represents a critical phase in the Neolithic expansion across Europe, effectively bridging the cultural influences from the Near East with the indigenous European traditions. Its impact can be traced in the subsequent cultural phases like the Vinča and Linear Pottery cultures, which carried forward innovations in agriculture, pottery, and societal structures throughout Central Europe.

Through the archaeological study of Starčevo sites, researchers continue to gain invaluable insights into the adaptation strategies of early Neolithic societies in the face of new economic and environmental realities, illustrating the dynamic interplay between culture, environment, and technology.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1880 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 2, Hungary 5800 BCE Lánycsók. Gata-Csatola, Hungary View
I1877 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 2, Hungary 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1877) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 82%
European Hunter-Gatherers 18%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1877) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 69%
Southern European 69%
Italian 38.0%
Sardinian 28.7%
Balkan 2.0%
Asia 31%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 20%
Levantine 20.5%
Northern West Asian 11%
Cypriot 10.5%
Africa 0%
North African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1877 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1877,0.09746482,0.15630088,-0.00474068,-0.07123376,0.03688722,-0.03422984,-0.00407686,0.00161284,0.04444102,0.0509462,0.00192928,0.00341616,-0.00361182,-0.00932902,-0.01104376,0.00945752,0.0031196,0.00169834,0.00317286,0.00181524,0.00552274,0.00914742,-0.01227546,-0.01508356,0.00142551
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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