A woman buried in Germany in the Early Neolithic era

I0057
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0057
Date:
5215 BCE - 5011 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
N1a1a1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld
Coordinates:
51.8958, 11.0467
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Linear Pottery Culture (Linearbandkeramik, or LBK) represents one of the earliest farming communities in prehistoric Europe, marking a transformative period in European Neolithic history. Emerging around 5500 BC and lasting until about 4500 BC, the LBK culture is primarily known for its distinctive pottery, settlement patterns, and agricultural practices. This culture spread extensively across Central Europe, including regions of modern-day Germany, and it played a crucial role in the Neolithic expansion.

Geographical and Environmental Context

The Linear Pottery Culture primarily flourished in the fertile loess plains of Central Europe. Germany, with its temperate climate and rich, arable soils, provided an ideal environment for agriculture. These areas supported the early LBK settlements, from the upper Danube basin and extending to the Rhine and beyond into present-day Poland, France, and the Czech Republic.

Settlements

LBK communities are recognized for their linear settlements, which often consisted of groups of longhouses. These longhouses, typically up to 20 meters in length, were built using timber frames covered with clay and thatch. These structures served as the primary living quarters and were often accompanied by smaller outbuildings and granaries. Settlements were strategically located near water sources and on fertile lands to support farming and animal husbandry.

Economy and Subsistence

The Linear Pottery Culture marked a significant shift from hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agricultural communities. The economy was primarily based on farming, with the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, and legumes. The LBK people practiced crop rotation and used primitive plowing techniques to enhance yields.

Animal husbandry was also integral, involving cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. These animals provided not only meat but also secondary products like milk and hides. The combination of agriculture and pastoralism supported relatively stable and growing populations.

Pottery

The LBK is named after its characteristic pottery, which featured linear bands and incised patterns. These ceramic vessels were primarily utilitarian, used for cooking, storage, and other domestic purposes. The pottery styles and decorations varied regionally, demonstrating a blend of local traditions and wider LBK influences.

Social Structure and Organization

The evidence suggests that LBK societies were relatively egalitarian, with social organization centered around extended family units. The longhouses may have housed multiple generations, and their uniformity in size and construction hints at some level of social equality. However, variance in grave goods indicates that some status differentiation existed, possibly based on age, gender, or familial roles.

Burial Practices and Spiritual Life

Burial practices during the Linear Pottery Culture were diverse. Inhumation was common, with graves often aligned east-west and bodies interred in a contracted position. Grave goods, when present, included pottery, stone tools, and personal ornaments, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife and the importance of burial rites.

Spiritual life likely involved animistic beliefs and reverence for natural features. There is evidence of ritual sites and practices, although concrete details remain sparse. The construction of enclosures and large ditches at some sites might indicate ritualistic or defensive purposes.

Legacy and Influence

The Linear Pottery Culture laid the groundwork for subsequent Neolithic cultures in Europe. Its innovations in agriculture, pottery, and settlement patterns influenced many later European societies. The spread of agriculture through the LBK's expansion contributed significantly to the shaping of Europe's demographic and cultural landscape.

The LBK culture's demise around 4500 BC was gradual, giving way to regional cultures that built upon its foundation. These successor cultures continued to develop and refine the agricultural practices and social structures that began during the LBK period, leading to the complex societies of the later Neolithic and Bronze Age.

In summary, the Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture in Germany represents a pivotal moment in European prehistory, where innovation in farming and settlement laid the foundations for future societal developments. Its legacy is evident in the spread of agricultural practices and the lasting impact on European cultural evolution.

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I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
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I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
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I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
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I0026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
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I0100 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2014 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5204 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2020 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2022 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
HBS002 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
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HBS005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS006 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS007 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS009 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
SCH001 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH007 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH009 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH010 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH011 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH014 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH015 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5298 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH018 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5212 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SMH004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN164 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN165 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5296 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN166 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN167 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5310 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN168 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5293 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN169 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5282 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN170 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5209 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN171 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5298 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN172 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5297 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN173 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN174 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 4946 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN175 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5292 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN178 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN180 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5214 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN182 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5214 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN183 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5304 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN188 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5302 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN191 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5316 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN205 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN206 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5288 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN207 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN211 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5212 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN215 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5208 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN224 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5293 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN225 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
I0018 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I0046 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
Stuttgart Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5307 BCE Viesenhaeuser Hof (Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart-Mühlhausen), Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0057) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 78%
European Hunter-Gatherers 16%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 6%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0057) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 82%
Southern European 82%
Italian 34.8%
Sardinian 28.4%
Iberian 14.6%
Balkan 3.9%
Asia 11%
Northern West Asian 11%
Cypriot 10.7%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 1%
Arabian 0.7%
Africa 7%
North African 7%
North African 6.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0057 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0057,0.10538598,0.15879584,0.00417604,-0.06455668,0.04521542,-0.03109376,-0.0036113,0.003079,0.04388412,0.06042018,4.512E-05,0.00771576,-0.01179688,-0.0114376,-0.01235882,0.00792304,0.0087914,0.00115764,0.00210358,-0.00039924,0.00285556,0.00726348,-0.01256924,-0.01732254,0.00260503
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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