A woman buried in Germany in the Middle Neolithic era

I0800
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0800
Date:
3348 BCE - 3097 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H3-b*
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Salzmuende Culture, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Salzmünde-Schiepzig
Coordinates:
51.5331, 11.8331
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Salzmuende Culture was a significant archaeological culture during the Middle Neolithic period, approximately dated between 3400 and 3000 BCE, which flourished in what is today the region of central Germany, particularly around the area of Salzmuende (Salzmünde in German) in the modern state of Saxony-Anhalt. This culture is part of the broader tapestry of Neolithic societies in Europe, characterized by their advancements in agriculture, settlement building, and social organization.

Geographic and Temporal Context

The Salzmuende Culture developed in the middle Neolithic era, following the earlier Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) and the Funnelbeaker culture (TRB), and was contemporaneous with the late phases of the Michelsberg culture and the Globular Amphora Culture to the east. Occupying the fertile plains along the river Saale and its tributaries, the Salzmuende Culture strategically positioned themselves in areas advantageous for agriculture, hunting, and trade.

Settlements

The settlements of the Salzmuende Culture were typically located on low river terraces, reflecting an understanding of optimal arable land use and water management. These settlements often consisted of tightly clustered groups of houses built from timber and wattle-and-daub construction, showcasing advanced building techniques with pitched roofs and delineated internal spaces. The community layout indicates a degree of social organization and communal living, as evidenced by shared facilities and storage structures.

Material Culture

The Salzmuende Culture is distinguished by its remarkable ceramic style. The pottery was intricately decorated, often featuring incised motifs and sometimes elaborately sculpted forms. The ceramics include various forms such as bowls, cups, and storage vessels, serving both utilitarian and possibly symbolic roles. Stone tools from this period include finely crafted flint blades and axes, indicative of specialized craft production and trade networks, as high-quality materials were often sourced from distant locations.

Subsistence and Economy

Agriculture formed the backbone of the Salzmuende subsistence strategy. The domestication of crops such as emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, and pulses supported a sedentary lifestyle. Animal husbandry complemented their diet, with cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs being the primary domesticated animals, used for food, labor, and raw materials like wool and leather. There are also indications of hunting and fishing activities, which supplemented their diet and played a role in their cultural practices.

Social Structure and Burial Practices

Though much is still speculative regarding their social structure, there is evidence to suggest hierarchical elements within the Salzmuende culture, possibly headed by local chieftains or influential families. This is inferred from the burial practices observed in their cemeteries, which sometimes include richly furnished graves indicative of social stratification. The presence of grave goods such as jewelry, ornamented pottery, and tools suggests a belief system and social differentiation.

Religion and Rituals

The Salzmuende Culture likely practiced a form of animism or ancestor worship, as inferred from their burial rites and symbolic artifacts. The placement of communal and individual burial mounds suggests a belief in an afterlife or the importance of lineage and ancestry. Ritual deposits, including pottery and animal remains, have been discovered, hinting at ceremonial practices possibly tied to agricultural cycles or community events.

Interaction and Influence

The Salzmuende Culture was not isolated but interacted with neighboring cultures, as evidenced by shared pottery styles and artifact typologies. This cultural exchange suggests trade networks and the movement of peoples and ideas across Neolithic Europe. The influence of the Michelsberg Culture, for instance, is seen in certain aspects of Salzmuende material culture and settlement patterns.

Conclusion

The Middle Neolithic Salzmuende Culture represents a sophisticated and period-defining chapter in the prehistory of central Europe. Through their advanced agricultural practices, distinctive material culture, and social organization, they significantly contributed to the cultural landscape of the European Neolithic. Ongoing archaeological studies continue to shed light on their complex society, providing insights into the daily lives, beliefs, and interactions of Neolithic communities in this region of Germany.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0802 Middle Neolithic Salzmuende Culture, Germany 3400 BCE Salzmünde-Schiepzig, Germany View
I0800 Middle Neolithic Salzmuende Culture, Germany 3348 BCE Salzmünde-Schiepzig, Germany View
I0551 Middle Neolithic Salzmuende Culture, Germany 3400 BCE Salzmünde-Schiepzig, Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0800) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 44%
European Hunter-Gatherers 32%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 15%
Ancient Asians 9%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0800) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 98%
Southern European 91%
Italian 34.4%
Sardinian 31.2%
Iberian 25.6%
Northwestern European 7%
Northwestern European 6.5%
Africa 2%
North African 2%
Egyptian 2.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0800 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0800,0.12037164,0.16054956,0.03049342,-0.03267694,0.05758216,-0.01693128,-0.00193556,0.00604392,0.03750708,0.06513398,-0.0053021,0.0145436,-0.02585472,-0.0131674,-0.00611348,0.00399368,0.00649346,-0.00061198,-0.00079918,-0.00339306,0.00140098,0.00505414,-0.01200228,-0.0182547,0.0042362
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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