A woman buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I2370
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2370
Date:
3345 BCE - 2937 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
T2b
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Alsónémedi
Coordinates:
47.3188, 19.1669
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, which thrived around 3600-2800 BCE in the Carpathian Basin (modern-day Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Czech Republic, and neighboring areas), represents a significant transitional phase between the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Central Europe's prehistoric timeline. This culture is characterized by its advancements in social organization, metallurgy, and trade, reflecting a complex society that continued to build upon the agricultural base established during the Neolithic period.

Archaeological Context

The Baden Culture emerged in the late Chalcolithic period, a time marked by the first significant use of copper alongside stone tools. This era falls within the broader European Chalcolithic or Copper Age, which serves as a bridge between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. The Baden Culture is considered part of the Danubian cultural complex, influenced by the interaction between Eastern European steppe cultures and Central European Neolithic societies.

Settlements and Architecture

Settlements of the Baden Culture were typically located in river valleys and on elevated terrains, reflecting a strategic preference for locations offering fertile land and natural defenses. Villages were composed of small, closely-packed houses, often constructed with wooden frameworks and walls of wattle-and-daub. Some settlements also show evidence of fortifications, indicating a concern for defense and possibly reflecting social tensions or competition for resources.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of the Baden Culture was primarily agrarian, but it showed considerable diversification:

  • Agriculture: The community cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, peas, and lentils. The use of plows and possibly draught animals suggests an advanced level of agricultural practice.
  • Animal Husbandry: They domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Cattle were particularly important, not only for meat and milk but also as draft animals.
  • Hunting and Gathering: While agriculture was central, hunting and gathering supplemented diets. Wild game and fish were part of the Baden diet, reflecting a broad approach to food resources.

Pottery and Material Culture

The material culture of the Baden Culture is renowned for its high-quality pottery, characterized by:

  • Forms and Decoration: Baden pottery includes a variety of forms, such as amphorae, bowls, and beakers, often adorned with incised decoration and complex patterns. The ceramics have a distinctive feel with their black, burnished surfaces and geometric motifs.
  • Symbolism: The motifs on pottery might have held symbolic or religious significance, indicating an advanced aesthetic sense and possibly reflecting social or spiritual beliefs.

Metallurgy

The Baden Culture is notable for its early use of metal, particularly copper:

  • Copper Artifacts: They produced tools and ornamental objects from copper, such as axes, awls, and pins, using techniques like cold hammering and annealing. This represents an important technological leap that anticipated the widespread use of metal in the subsequent Bronze Age.

Trade and Interaction

The position of the Baden Culture facilitated active trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring regions:

  • Trade Networks: Evidence of exotic goods, such as Baltic amber and Mediterranean shells, highlights extensive trade routes. These exchanges not only brought material wealth but also ideas and technologies.
  • Cultural Interactions: Influences from different cultures, such as the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures, are evident, illustrating a dynamic environment where various traditions intersected.

Social Structure and Burial Practices

The social structure of the Baden Culture becomes visible through its burial practices:

  • Burial Rites: Most common is the flat grave burial, with bodies typically oriented in a contracted position, facing east. Grave goods, often found with the deceased, indicate social differentiation based on wealth or status.
  • Mortuary Objects: Items such as pottery, jewelry, and copper tools found in graves suggest not only the status of individuals but also the belief in an afterlife where such possessions might be needed.

Religion and Rituals

Although direct evidence of religious practices in the Baden Culture is limited, several indirect indications suggest the presence of ritualistic activities:

  • Sacred Spaces: Certain settlement layouts and communal buildings may have served religious or ceremonial purposes.
  • Symbolism: The recurring motifs and animal representations on pottery might reflect ritual or mythological beliefs, though their exact meanings remain speculative.

Legacy

The Baden Culture played an essential role in the cultural and technological developments of Central Europe during the late Chalcolithic. It laid foundational stones for subsequent cultural phases, especially as seen with the rise of the Bronze Age. Its advancements in metallurgy and agriculture, combined with rich aesthetic expressions, speak to a society that was both innovative and interconnected, contributing significantly to the prehistoric tapestry of the region. The study of the Baden Culture continues to offer valuable insights into the social transformations and technological progressions during this formative period in European prehistory.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1497 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3320 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
I2368 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3300 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2369 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3370 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2370 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3345 BCE Alsónémedi, Hungary View
I2371 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3361 BCE Alsónémedi, Hungary View
I2752 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3600 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2753 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3333 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2754 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3338 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2755 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3600 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2763 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3363 BCE Vörs, Hungary View
I2785 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3600 BCE Vámosgyörk MHAT telep, Hungary View
I2367 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2366 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2370) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 58%
European Hunter-Gatherers 30%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 13%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2370) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 95%
Southern European 95%
Italian 31.1%
Iberian 25.9%
Sardinian 25.5%
Balkan 12.8%
Asia 5%
Northern West Asian 5%
Cypriot 4.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2370 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2370,0.11631988,0.1585711,0.02072058,-0.04205016,0.05259066,-0.02088116,-0.00257354,0.00437028,0.0360436,0.06357172,-0.00402712,0.01217868,-0.02197018,-0.01325474,-0.00790864,0.00473446,0.01114684,-0.00031502,-6.174E-05,-0.00300928,-0.0002323,0.00375304,-0.01105306,-0.01726222,0.00375775
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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