A man buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I2783
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2783
Date:
4228 BCE - 3962 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
T2b23
Y-DNA:
CT
Cultural Period:
Middle Chalcolithic Hunyadihalom Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Nemesnádudvar-Papföld. M9/7 lh.
Coordinates:
46.3348, 19.0539
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Chalcolithic Hunyadihalom culture is an archaeological culture of the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period, which roughly spans from 4500 to 3500 BCE. This culture is named after a prominent site in Hungary, and it represents a significant phase in the prehistory of the Carpathian Basin and broader Central Europe.

Geographical Setting

The Hunyadihalom culture is primarily located in what is now modern-day Hungary, within the Carpathian Basin. This area is characterized by its fertile plains and river systems, like the Danube and Tisza, which provided excellent conditions for early farming communities. The advantageous geography facilitated not only agriculture but also trade and cultural exchange with neighboring regions.

Chronology and Development

The Middle Chalcolithic period marks a transition between the Neolithic, dominated by stone tools, and the later Bronze Age. It is characterized by the widespread adoption of metal (copper) in tool-making, although stone tools continued to be used. The development of copper metallurgy marks a significant technological advancement that defined this era.

Economy and Subsistence

Economically, Hunyadihalom communities were primarily agrarian, sustaining themselves through farming and animal husbandry. They cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, and legumes, and domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. This mixed farming economy was likely supplemented by hunting, fishing, and gathering.

Settlement Patterns

Hunyadihalom settlements were typically small, consisting of several households that formed villages. These settlements were often strategically located near water sources, which supported both agricultural practices and human consumption. Houses were generally constructed from wattle and daub, built on wooden frames, indicating a degree of permanence and investment in these communities.

Material Culture

The material culture of the Hunyadihalom people is distinguished by their pottery, which often includes finely crafted and decorated vessels. Pottery was not only functional but also served as a medium for artistic expression. Typical decorations included incised or impressed designs, sometimes with colored inlays.

In addition to pottery, the use of copper changed how tools and ornaments were made. Copper tools, such as axes and chisels, began to appear alongside traditional stone tools. Ornaments and personal adornments made of copper, shell, and bone indicate both technological prowess and social differentiation.

Burial Practices

Burial customs offer insight into the social and spiritual aspects of the Hunyadihalom culture. Graves from this period often contained goods such as pottery, tools, and ornaments, suggesting a belief in an afterlife or the importance of social status even after death. The burial practices can vary significantly, reflecting potentially complex social structures and local traditions.

Social Structure and Organization

The presence of high-status goods and differences in burial wealth suggest the emergence of social stratification. While evidence is limited, it is likely that these communities were organized in a hierarchical fashion, perhaps led by chieftains or other authorities who wielded power based on control of resources, trade, or religious influence.

Art and Symbolism

Artistic expressions, albeit limited, provide a glimpse into the symbolic and religious life of the Hunyadihalom culture. Beyond pottery, art is evident in the form of figurines, carvings, and possibly petroglyphs, depicting human, animal, or abstract forms. These artifacts suggest a rich mythological or ritual life, though specific interpretations remain speculative.

Trade and Cultural Interactions

The Chalcolithic period was a time of increasing interaction between different cultural groups, facilitated by trade. The Hunyadihalom culture likely participated in exchange networks that spread not only goods, such as exotic raw materials and finished items, but also ideas and technology, including advancements in metallurgy and agricultural practices.

Conclusion

The Middle Chalcolithic Hunyadihalom culture of Hungary represents an intriguing phase in European prehistory characterized by technological innovation, economic development, and the complexities of emergent social structures. Continued archaeological research and analysis promise to uncover more about how these early communities lived, interacted, and developed during the Copper Age.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2783 Middle Chalcolithic Hunyadihalom Culture, Hungary 4228 BCE Nemesnádudvar-Papföld. M9/7 lh., Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2783) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 62%
European Hunter-Gatherers 25%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 12%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2783) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 94%
Southern European 94%
Italian 63.5%
Sardinian 22.9%
Balkan 7.6%
Africa 4%
North African 4%
Egyptian 3.7%
Asia 2%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 2%
Levantine 2.3%
Northern West Asian 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2783 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2783,0.11213768,0.15916004,0.01349104,-0.05437134,0.05103442,-0.02659162,-0.00289,0.0043079,0.04130714,0.0646302,-0.0016818,0.0105712,-0.01774792,-0.01258372,-0.01239454,0.0066429,0.012265,0.00062724,0.0010998,-0.00203028,0.000945,0.00547438,-0.01196842,-0.01821984,0.00325815
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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