A woman buried in Spain in the Copper Age era

I3273
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I3273
Date:
3606 BCE - 3363 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
J2a1a1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Middle to Late Neolithic Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera
Coordinates:
42.5700, -2.5500
Map Location
Historical Timeline
5000 BCE
4000 BCE
3000 BCE
2000 BCE
1000 BCE
1000 CE
2000 CE
I3273
3606 BCE to 3363 BCE
Description

The Middle to Late Neolithic period in Iberia, particularly in what is now modern-day Spain, spans approximately from 4500 to 2000 BCE. This era marks significant transformations in the ways societies lived, organized themselves, and interacted with their environment and each other. Here’s an extensive look into the culture and characteristics of Neolithic Spain during this time:

Agricultural Advancements and Settlements:

  1. Agriculture and Domestication:

    • The Middle to Late Neolithic period saw significant advancements in agricultural practices. Communities were predominantly agrarian, growing cereals such as wheat and barley and legumes like lentils and peas, which they rotated to maintain soil fertility. They also domesticated animals like sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle, which provided meat, milk, hides, and labor.
    • The introduction of the plow and improved tools facilitated more efficient farming, which allowed communities to support larger populations.

  2. Permanent Settlements:

    • As agricultural practices improved, people began to establish more permanent settlements, often located in fertile river valleys or coastal regions. These settlements varied in size, with some forming small hamlets and others larger villages.
    • Structures in these communities typically included rectangular or circular houses made of wood, stone, and adobe, with thatched or mud roofs. Some settlements also featured defensive walls or ditches.

  3. Site Complexity:

    • Towards the later Neolithic, some settlements grew into more complex sites with communal buildings and evidence of social stratification. This suggests the beginnings of leadership roles and the organization of labor and resources.

Social and Cultural Developments:

  1. Social Organization:

    • The societal structures were likely kinship-based, but evidence suggests increasing social differentiation as settlements grew. The differentiation in burial practices and grave goods implies that some individuals or groups held higher status within the community.

  2. Ceremonial and Religious Practices:

    • Megalithic structures, such as dolmens, passage graves, and menhirs, became prominent during this period. These served both as burial sites and ceremonial structures, indicating ritual practices tied to death, ancestors, and possibly celestial events.
    • Artifacts such as figurines, pottery with symbolic motifs, and carvings imply the existence of religious or spiritual beliefs. These symbols often revolved around fertility, life cycles, and communal identity.

  3. Artistic Expression:

    • Pottery from this period exhibits more complexity in design, with decorative motifs and increasingly sophisticated techniques. Painted, impressed, and incised decorations became common.
    • Rock art, particularly in cave sites across the Iberian Peninsula, displays scenes of daily life, hunting, and possibly religious or ceremonial depictions. This art provides insight into the symbolic and communicative aspects of Neolithic culture.

Technological and Economic Exchange:

  1. Tool Production:

    • Flint and obsidian were commonly used for making tools such as blades, scrapers, and arrowheads. The late Neolithic saw the introduction of polished stone axes, which improved efficiency in agriculture and woodland clearance.
    • Bone and antler were also used to craft tools, alongside the development of textile production technologies using plant fibers and animal hides.

  2. Trade and Interaction:

    • The Middle to Late Neolithic period witnessed increased exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices between communities. This interaction was facilitated by trading networks that extended across the Iberian Peninsula and into the broader Mediterranean region.
    • Items like obsidian, seashells, pigments, and distinctive pottery styles circulated, suggesting a dynamic network of exchange and communication.

Environmental and Climatic Conditions:

  1. Adaptation to Environment:

    • Neolithic populations effectively adapted to diverse Iberian landscapes, from coastal areas and river valleys to upland regions. This adaptability is reflected in their architecture, resource use, and settlement patterns.
    • The era saw periods of climatic fluctuation, necessitating adjustments in agricultural practices and settlement locations to ensure the sustainability of their communities.

  2. Environmental Impact:

    • The expansion of agriculture and settlement led to deforestation and landscape modifications. The clearing of land for fields and pastures had lasting impacts on the Iberian environment, some of which are still evident today.

In conclusion, the Middle to Late Neolithic era in Spain was a period of profound transformation. The advancements in agriculture, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the development of complex social and ritual structures laid the foundations for the subsequent Bronze Age civilizations on the Iberian Peninsula. This era reflects a shifting focus from the transient lifestyle of earlier hunter-gatherers to more stable, organized, and interdependent communities.

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I0659 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I3273 3606 BCE Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera, Spain View
I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
I2357 5300 BCE Pusztataskony Ledence 1, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0405 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I0407 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I0408 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3895 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I0406 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I7549 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7550 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4700 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7600 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4000 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7602 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7603 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7605 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7643 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3952 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7644 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3635 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7646 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3711 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7647 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4045 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7645 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3981 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7547 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7601 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3644 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7606 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7642 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 2909 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7604 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I10277 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10278 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10280 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10283 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10284 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10285 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10286 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7594 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7597 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4000 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7598 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3622 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I8567 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Bocairent. La Coveta Emparetà, Spain View
I8568 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3496 BCE Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Bocairent. La Coveta Emparetà, Spain View
I3214 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Asturias. Soto de las Regueras. Cueva de la Paloma, Spain View
I11300 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11301 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11306 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I11305 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I11303 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I8134 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4700 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I11249 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11248 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
ELT002 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3941 BCE Cova de Els Trocs, Spain View
ELT006 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3949 BCE Cova de Els Trocs, Spain View
I10287 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I3273 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3606 BCE Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera, Spain View
I11304 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7679 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7595 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I10282 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7160 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4042 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3273) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 54%
European Hunter-Gatherers 23%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 21%
Ancient Africans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3273) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 95%
Southern European 89%
Iberian 58.5%
Sardinian 25.1%
Italian 5.8%
Northwestern European 6%
English 5.6%
Africa 5%
North African 5%
North African 5.0%
Oceania 0%
Melanesian 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I3273 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I3273,0.12092356,0.15907636,0.03989532,-0.01567936,0.05644932,-0.009373,-0.00137164,0.00680996,0.03431116,0.0552766,-0.00706692,0.0140456,-0.02457456,-0.0106962,0.00179184,0.00261208,-0.00423612,-0.00153284,-0.00145664,-0.00232836,0.0041938,0.00621236,-0.01172172,-0.01604032,0.00383927
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
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