A man buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I2793
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2793
Date:
4442 BCE - 4250 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H1
Y-DNA:
I-CTS10057
Cultural Period:
Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3
Coordinates:
47.1916, 20.4023
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr culture, spanning approximately 4500 to 4000 BCE, represents a significant period within the Chalcolithic cultures of Central Europe, specifically within the region now known as Hungary. This culture is noteworthy for its advancements in metallurgy, settlement patterns, and sociocultural complexity, reflecting broader trends in prehistoric Europe.

Geography and Environment

The Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr culture was primarily situated in the Carpathian Basin, encompassing areas of modern-day eastern Hungary, western Romania, and parts of Slovakia and Ukraine. This region is characterized by vast alluvial plains, rolling hills, and river systems, notably the Tisza and Bodrog rivers, which facilitated agriculture, trade, and communication.

Chronology and Development

The Tiszapolgár culture emerged from the earlier Neolithic phases and gradually evolved into the Bodrogkeresztúr phase. This transition marks a shift towards increased complexity in social structures and technological proficiency. It represents a critical phase in the cultural continuum leading to the later Bronze Age cultures.

Material Culture

Pottery
The pottery of the Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr culture is distinguished by its craftsmanship and aesthetic. Early Tiszapolgár ceramics were characterized by simple forms and incised decorations, while the later Bodrogkeresztúr phase saw more elaborate designs, including intricate geometric patterns and the use of graphite paint. The vessels were often globular or bag-shaped, serving both utilitarian and ritualistic purposes.

Metallurgy
This culture is among the early adopters of copper metallurgy in Central Europe. The inhabitants produced a variety of copper tools and ornaments, such as axes, chisels, pins, and beads. These items suggest the development of specialized metallurgical knowledge and signify increasing social stratification, as metal objects were likely status symbols.

Stone and Bone Tools
Apart from metallurgy, stone and bone tools remained prevalent. Flint blades, adzes, and scrapers were common, indicating practices of agriculture, hunting, and domestic tasks. Bone awls and pins further illustrate daily life activities and garment construction.

Settlement Patterns

Settlements in the Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr culture ranged from small, scattered hamlets to larger, more complex communities. These were often strategically located on elevated land near water sources, facilitating agriculture and providing defensive advantages. Archaeological evidence suggests the presence of longhouses, storage pits, and specialized work areas.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy was primarily agrarian, with evidence of cereal cultivation, including wheat and barley, alongside animal husbandry involving cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Supplementary subsistence strategies included hunting, fishing, and foraging. The presence of tools and storage facilities indicates a mixed economy, with surplus production in agriculture.

Social Structure and Burial Practices

The social structure is inferred from burial practices, which display a range of grave goods and burial types. Wealthier individuals were often interred with copper objects, pottery, and personal adornments, highlighting their status. The variation in burial rites indicates a society with emerging social hierarchies and possibly tribal affiliations or family lineages.

Art and Symbolism

Artistic expression is evident in pottery decoration, personal adornments, and symbolic motifs found in various artifacts. These artistic elements likely held cultural and religious significance, reflecting beliefs and worldviews of the Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr people.

Interaction and Influence

The Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr culture was not isolated. Trade and cultural exchange with neighboring regions facilitated the spread of technologies, ideas, and materials. Interaction with the Balkans and other Central European cultures played a crucial role in the diffusion of metallurgical skills and stylistic influences in pottery and toolmaking.

Conclusion

In summary, the Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr culture of Hungary represents a dynamic and transformative period in prehistoric Central Europe. Its advancements in metallurgy, distinctive material culture, and evolving social structures laid foundational aspects for subsequent European prehistoric developments. Through continued archaeological study, this culture continues to reveal insights into the complexities and interconnectedness of early European societies.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2793 Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkeresztúr Culture, Hungary 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2793) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 69%
European Hunter-Gatherers 20%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 11%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2793) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 93%
Southern European 93%
Italian 47.0%
Sardinian 22.1%
Iberian 20.6%
Balkan 3.7%
Asia 6%
Northern West Asian 6%
Cypriot 5.8%
Africa 1%
North African 1%
North African 0.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2793 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2793,0.1115114,0.15953988,0.0098261,-0.0559982,0.0479913,-0.02664284,-0.00315776,0.00369848,0.03870862,0.06455282,-0.00155474,0.01078038,-0.01885372,-0.01273884,-0.01240858,0.0061871,0.01259718,0.00044104,0.00076314,-0.00247988,0.0001929,0.0049375,-0.01201868,-0.01724394,0.00311809
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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