A man buried in Hungary in the Middle Neolithic era

I2379
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2379
Date:
5209 BCE - 4855 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
N1a1a1
Y-DNA:
I-CTS10057
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Hejőkürt-Lidl logisztikai központ
Coordinates:
47.8607, 21.0006
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, specifically the Tiszadob Group, represents a fascinating cultural phase that flourished in the Great Hungarian Plain during the Neolithic era, around 5500-4900 BCE. This period marks a crucial phase in European prehistory, characterized by the spread of agricultural practices, sedentism, and the expansion of early farming communities.

Geographical Context

The Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, as part of the broader Linear Pottery (LBK) horizon, occupied the fertile plains of the Carpathian Basin. The region’s loess-rich soils and river systems, including the Tisza River, provided an ideal environment for early agricultural activities. The Tiszadob Group is named after the locality where significant archaeological finds were first identified, indicating a particular regional manifestation of the broader cultural trends in the Alföld plain.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of the Tiszadob Group was primarily based on mixed farming, with a notable emphasis on crop cultivation and animal husbandry. Archaeobotanical evidence suggests the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentils, and peas. This agricultural base was complemented by the domestication of animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. These communities were among the first in Europe to develop a sedentary lifestyle reliant on agriculture, which leads to population growth and the establishment of more permanent settlements.

Settlement Patterns

Settlements of the Tiszadob Group were typically situated in ecologically advantageous locations near water bodies, reflecting the importance of fertile floodplains for agriculture. These communities established small, densely packed villages comprised of semi-subterranean rectangular houses. The construction of these dwellings utilized locally available materials, such as wood, clay, and thatch. Over time, settlements became more structured and organized, indicating a degree of social stratification and cooperative organization.

Material Culture

One of the defining features of the Tiszadob Group, and the Alföld Linear Pottery Culture more generally, is their distinctive pottery style. This includes finely crafted pottery adorned with linear patterns and incised decorations, often filled with white paste to enhance visibility. These vessels served various domestic functions, from storage to cooking and consumption. Pottery styles also held significant cultural and symbolic meanings, potentially indicating social or regional identities within the Neolithic communities.

Social Organization and Practices

The Tiszadob Group exhibited elements of complex social organization. Evidence points towards emerging social hierarchies, possibly driven by control over agricultural production and trade networks. While the society remained largely egalitarian by later historical standards, indications of differentiation in grave goods and house sizes suggest varying status among community members.

Ritualistic and symbolic activities played a crucial role in community cohesion and identity. Archaeological findings, including figurines and ritual objects, suggest the presence of spiritual or religious practices, potentially focusing on fertility, ancestral worship, or agricultural cycles.

Interaction and Trade

Trade and interaction were pivotal elements of the Tiszadob Group’s cultural development. This group, located at a geographical crossroads, actively engaged in wide-reaching trade networks, exchanging goods such as obsidian, flint, pottery, and possibly textiles with neighboring cultures. These exchanges facilitated cultural diffusion and innovation across Neolithic Europe.

Legacy and Influence

The Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, and specifically the Tiszadob Group, contributed significantly to the Neolithic transformation of Europe. Their agricultural practices, settlement organization, and material culture laid the foundations for subsequent developments in social complexity and technological innovation. By disseminating agricultural techniques, they played a vital role in the broader Neolithic expansion across Europe.

In summary, the Tiszadob Group represents a vibrant and influential cultural era within the broader narrative of European prehistory. Their innovations in agriculture, settlement building, and artistic expression provide crucial insights into the early development of human societies in the Great Hungarian Plain and have lasting impacts on the evolution of Neolithic cultures throughout Europe.

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I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2375 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary 5300 BCE Tiszadob-Ó-Kenéz, Hungary View
I2376 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary 5300 BCE Tiszadob-Ó-Kenéz, Hungary View
I2377 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary 5210 BCE Tiszadob-Ó-Kenéz, Hungary View
I2378 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary 5300 BCE Hejőkürt-Lidl logisztikai központ, Hungary View
I2379 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary 5209 BCE Hejőkürt-Lidl logisztikai központ, Hungary View
I4199 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Tiszadob Group, Hungary 5300 BCE Tiszadob-Ó-Kenéz, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2379) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 70%
European Hunter-Gatherers 23%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 7%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2379) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 92%
Southern European 92%
Italian 66.1%
Sardinian 25.6%
Balkan 0.6%
Asia 8%
Northern West Asian 7%
Cypriot 6.6%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 1%
Levantine 1.1%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2379 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2379,0.1100454,0.15990944,0.00871732,-0.05976814,0.0490211,-0.02859854,-0.00320508,0.00364656,0.04152808,0.06547312,-0.00123248,0.0104504,-0.01741314,-0.01255982,-0.01310038,0.00665274,0.0126402,0.00063484,0.00099802,-0.00226054,0.00064934,0.00552382,-0.01226244,-0.01806104,0.00335731
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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