A man buried in Hungary in the Late Neolithic era

I0449
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0449
Date:
5000 BCE - 4500 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
U5b2c
Y-DNA:
I2a1
Cultural Period:
Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 18
Coordinates:
46.3559, 20.2782
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Tisza Culture, part of the broader Late Neolithic period in Central Europe, specifically thrived in the Great Hungarian Plain and its surrounding areas during approximately 5000-4500 BCE. This culture is named after the Tisza River, which flows through present-day Hungary, and is a continuation of and closely related to earlier Neolithic cultures such as the Körös and Linear Pottery cultures. The Tisza Culture is considered a significant phase of the European Neolithic due to its notable advancements in settlement structures, agricultural practices, and material culture.

Settlement and Architecture

The Tisza Culture is characterized by semi-permanent settlements often situated near rivers, lakes, or other water sources, which facilitated farming and fishing. Settlements typically consisted of rectangular, wattle-and-daub houses with thatched roofs. These houses were usually organized in loosely arranged clusters rather than strict rows, forming small village communities. The size of these communities varied, with larger ones possibly acting as central hubs for smaller, surrounding hamlets.

Some archaeological findings suggest that these settlements were surrounded by ditches or palisades, indicating a need for protection or social delineation. This suggests a complex social structure which might have had hierarchical elements, though substantial evidence of pronounced social stratification is not as prevalent as in later European cultures.

Economy and Subsistence

The economic foundation of the Tisza Culture rested on mixed farming, combining agriculture with animal husbandry. The people cultivated a range of crops, including wheat, barley, and legumes, utilizing stone tools to clear and till the land. The introduction and use of sickles made from flint or obsidian helped increase agricultural productivity.

Livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats were domesticated, and hunting and fishing supplemented their diet, providing vital protein sources and materials for tools and clothing. The diverse subsistence strategies reflect a deep understanding of and adaptation to their environment.

Material Culture and Artifacts

The Tisza Culture is renowned for its pottery, which showcases intricate designs and technical sophistication. Pottery styles include both utilitarian ware and elaborately decorated ceremonial or ritual vessels. Decorative motifs often feature geometric patterns, spirals, and stylized representations of plants or animals, applied through incised designs, painted slips, or burnishing.

Tools and implements made from stone, bone, and horn were also widespread. Stone axes, arrowheads, grinding stones, and bone awls point to a well-developed toolkit that facilitated not only agricultural production but also the processing of leather and textiles.

Social and Ritual Aspects

While specific details about the social organization of the Tisza Culture remain somewhat elusive, the existence of communal structures, such as possible meeting halls or spaces for communal activities, suggests a complex social dynamic. Social cohesion might have been reinforced through shared rituals and ceremonies, though evidence for specific religious beliefs or deities is limited.

Burial practices often involved interments within or near settlements. Graves sometimes contained goods like pottery, tools, or ornaments, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife or the importance of honoring the deceased's social role. The presence of such grave goods might also hint at the nascent levels of social differentiation.

Regional Interactions

The Tisza Culture was not isolated; it engaged in trade and cultural exchange with neighboring groups. Obsidian and flint, used for tool-making, were traded over considerable distances, illustrating complex trade networks that spread not only materials but also technological innovations and cultural ideas.

Conclusion

The Late Neolithic Tisza Culture represents a period of considerable advancement and complexity in prehistoric Europe. Its innovations in architecture, subsistence strategies, and material culture laid crucial groundwork for subsequent cultural developments in the region. The Tisza Culture serves as an insightful case study into the adaptive strategies and social dynamics of early agrarian communities on the central European plain.

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I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0449 Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 18, Hungary View
I2358 Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary 5000 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
I2359 Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary 5000 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
I2387 Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Kökénydomb Vörös tanya, Hungary View
I2746 Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary 5000 BCE Vésztő-Mágor, Hungary View
I0447 Late Neolithic Tisza Culture, Hungary 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0449) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 70%
European Hunter-Gatherers 22%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 8%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0449) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Southern European 100%
Iberian 50.1%
Italian 29.3%
Sardinian 20.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0449 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0449,0.10762578,0.1593019,0.0063905,-0.06227318,0.04710134,-0.02997582,-0.00345382,0.00335056,0.04288,0.06289286,-0.00051346,0.00897608,-0.01448446,-0.012073,-0.0127753,0.0074347,0.01062338,0.00096086,0.00157896,-0.0012205,0.00186998,0.00649966,-0.0123827,-0.01770058,0.00297003
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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