A woman buried in Hungary in the Middle Neolithic era

I2357
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2357
Date:
5300 BCE - 4900 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H1e
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szakálhát Group, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Pusztataskony Ledence 1
Coordinates:
47.4593, 20.5128
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (ALPC), specifically the Szakálhát group, represented a remarkable period in the prehistory of Hungary and the broader Carpathian Basin. This culture, flourishing from approximately 5300 to 4500 BC, played a crucial role in the neolithization of Central Europe, marked by significant developments in agriculture, settlement patterns, and material culture.

Geographic and Cultural Context

The Szakálhát group was situated primarily in the Great Hungarian Plain, also known as the Alföld, a fertile and expansive lowland area that provided an ideal environment for early agricultural societies. The Carpathian Basin's rivers and streams facilitated not only agriculture but also trade and communication, helping connect disparate Neolithic communities.

Settlement Patterns

Archaeological evidence shows that settlements of the Szakálhát group were typically located on slight elevations near water sources, such as rivers and streams, which prevented flooding and supported irrigation. These settlements often consisted of longhouses, which were rectangular, sometimes slightly curved, and made of timber and wattle-and-daub. These structures were multi-functional, serving as domestic spaces, storage, and sometimes even communal areas.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of the Szakálhát group was fundamentally based on agriculture and animal husbandry. They cultivated various crops, including einkorn and emmer wheat, barley, and legumes like peas and lentils. These Neolithic farmers also practiced animal husbandry, raising cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The domestication of animals and cultivation of crops marked a significant shift from earlier hunter-gatherer lifeways to more sedentary and complex agricultural societies.

Fishing, hunting, and gathering wild resources supplemented their diet. The presence of wild animal bones in archaeological sites indicates that hunting of deer, boar, and other game continued to play a role in their subsistence strategies.

Pottery and Material Culture

The Alföld Linear Pottery Culture is well-known for its distinctive pottery, and the Szakálhát group was no exception. Their ceramics were characterized by intricately decorated, linear designs executed with incised or impressed techniques. Common vessel forms included bowls, storage jars, and cups. The motifs often included geometric patterns, which might have held symbolic meanings or represented communal identity.

Stone tools were another critical aspect of their material culture. Neolithic communities of this era created polished stone axes, sickle blades, and other tools primarily from local raw materials. Shell ornaments and personal adornments indicate the importance of aesthetic expression and possibly social status.

Social Organization and Cultural Practices

Social organization within the Szakálhát group was likely clan-based, with kinship ties playing a crucial role in community structure. Evidence suggests some level of social differentiation, which could have been reflected in the distribution of goods, burial practices, and possibly dwelling sizes.

Rituals and spiritual beliefs, while not fully understood, were certainly an integral part of life. The presence of figurines, altars, and specific burial rites suggests the existence of religious or spiritual practices, which might have involved ancestor worship or fertility rituals.

Interaction and Trade

The Szakálhát group, like many Neolithic communities, was not isolated. They engaged in long-distance trade and exchange networks that facilitated the spread of goods, ideas, and technologies. This exchange is evidenced by the presence of non-local goods, such as obsidian from the northeastern Carpathians and Balkan flint.

Conclusion

The Szakálhát group within the Alföld Linear Pottery Culture represents a dynamic and complex Neolithic society. Their advancements in agriculture, settlement construction, and material culture highlight their adaptability and innovation. Moreover, their interactions with neighboring cultures underscore the interconnectedness of Neolithic Europe, setting the foundation for the subsequent development of European prehistoric societies.

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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2355 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szakálhát Group, Hungary 5300 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
I2357 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Szakálhát Group, Hungary 5300 BCE Pusztataskony Ledence 1, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2357) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 69%
European Hunter-Gatherers 22%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 9%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2357) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 88%
Southern European 88%
Italian 48.1%
Sardinian 29.0%
Balkan 8.5%
Iberian 2.0%
Asia 8%
Northern West Asian 8%
Cypriot 8.1%
Africa 4%
North African 4%
North African 4.4%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2357 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2357,0.10737046,0.16008848,0.01350772,-0.05631854,0.05228108,-0.02730054,-0.00375742,0.00458048,0.04265166,0.06810296,-0.0015652,0.01164942,-0.01955258,-0.01399524,-0.01232252,0.00577108,0.01364562,-0.0003927,-0.00098924,-0.00253556,-0.00059984,0.00358316,-0.01101276,-0.0184208,0.00385858
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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