A man buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I2394
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2394
Date:
4341 BCE - 4176 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H40
Y-DNA:
CT
Cultural Period:
Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Veszprém Jutasi út
Coordinates:
47.1026, 17.9130
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Balaton-Lasinja culture is an important archaeological culture of the Late Neolithic to Early Chalcolithic/ Copper Age, predominantly located in the region surrounding Lake Balaton in present-day Hungary, as well as parts of western Hungary, southern Slovakia, northern Croatia, and eastern Austria. Spanning roughly from 4800 to 3500 BC, this culture represents a transitional phase in prehistoric Europe characterized by significant technological, social, and economic changes.

Chronological Context

The Balaton-Lasinja culture emerged during a pivotal transitional period marked by the advent of metallurgy and the gradual shift from predominantly agrarian societies to more complex social structures. This culture is positioned temporally between the earlier Neolithic cultures, such as the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) and the Lengyel Culture, and later Bronze Age cultures.

Settlement Patterns and Architecture

Archaeological evidence suggests that settlements of the Balaton-Lasinja culture were typically situated near water sources, often on elevated ground close to lakes, rivers, and other water bodies. The strategic placement near Lake Balaton was likely due to the abundant resources and fertile lands available in the area.

Settlements ranged from small hamlets to more substantial, possibly fortified villages. The architectural style comprised primarily of single-room dwellings with wattle and daub walls built on wooden frameworks. Roofs were likely thatched with reeds or other local vegetation. Evidence of communal or ceremonial structures is sparse but indicates a level of social organization.

Economy and Subsistence

The Balaton-Lasinja culture practiced a mixed agrarian economy. Agriculture played a crucial role, with the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, and legumes. Livestock, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats, were vital for both food and secondary products like milk and wool.

The advent of copper metallurgy during this era marked a significant shift in technology. Although local metal resources were scarce, the Balaton-Lasinja culture engaged in trade networks to acquire copper, indicating a growing complexity in economic interactions and social hierarchy. Stone tools and pottery continued to be important, with distinct styles evolving in accordance with cultural preferences.

Pottery and Material Culture

Pottery from the Balaton-Lasinja culture is a key diagnostic feature, characterized by a distinctive style that includes both utilitarian and finely crafted ceramics. Decorations typically feature incised geometric patterns and occasionally painted motifs. Vessel shapes range from simple bowls and storage jars to more complex forms, reflecting both functional and symbolic uses.

Material culture also includes bone and antler tools, as well as polished stone tools. Ornaments made from shell, bone, and stone are found at various sites, indicating both personal adornment and potentially ritual significance.

Social Structure and Burial Practices

The Balaton-Lasinja culture likely had a relatively stratified social structure, as suggested by variations in grave goods and settlement organization. Burials from this period often contain a variety of offerings, including ceramics, stone tools, and less commonly, metal objects. There is evidence of both inhumation and cremation practices, though the interpretation of these differences in terms of social or ritual significance remains a subject of scholarly debate.

Interaction and Influence

The Balaton-Lasinja culture was part of a broader cultural network in Central Europe during the Chalcolithic. Interaction with neighboring cultures facilitated the exchange of ideas, technology, and materials, contributing to the cultural dynamism of the period. The influence of the Balaton-Lasinja culture is evident in its overlap and interaction with adjoining cultures such as the Vučedol and Baden cultures.

Conclusion

Overall, the Balaton-Lasinja culture represents a significant period of change and development within the context of European prehistory. It stands as a testament to the adaptive strategies and innovations of societies transitioning from the Neolithic agrarian base to more complex metallurgical and social systems. The legacy of this culture is evident in the archaeological record and continues to be a focus of study for understanding the broader processes of cultural and technological evolution in prehistoric Europe.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
I2357 5300 BCE Pusztataskony Ledence 1, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2351 Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary 4300 BCE Tolna-Mözs TO3, Hungary View
I2394 Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary 4341 BCE Veszprém Jutasi út, Hungary View
I4189 Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary 4300 BCE Alsónyék. site 11, Hungary View
I1908 Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary 4300 BCE Keszthely-Fenékpuszta. Pusztaszentegyházi-dűlő, Hungary View
I1909 Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary 4239 BCE Lánycsók. Csata-alja, Hungary View
I1907 Chalcolithic Balaton-Lasinja Culture, Hungary 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2394) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 76%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 10%
European Hunter-Gatherers 8%
Ancient Asians 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2394) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 95%
Southern European 95%
Italian 47.0%
Sardinian 27.4%
Iberian 20.5%
Asia 5%
Northern West Asian 5%
Cypriot 3.2%
Anatolian 1.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2394 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2394,0.11764872,0.1610006,0.0249207,-0.04127738,0.0569672,-0.02073584,-0.00243488,0.00570672,0.03943216,0.06830118,-0.0041577,0.01425128,-0.02503808,-0.0136832,-0.00917376,0.00467888,0.01036018,-0.00042638,-0.00069682,-0.00349198,0.00043886,0.00469502,-0.01218212,-0.01892322,0.00429944
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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