A man buried in Hungary in the Late Neolithic era

I1900
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1900
Date:
4797 BCE - 4619 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
W1
Y-DNA:
E-L618
Cultural Period:
Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Veszprém Jutasi út
Coordinates:
47.1026, 17.9130
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Neolithic Lengyel culture, which flourished from approximately 5000 to 3400 BCE, is an intriguing component of European prehistory, situated primarily in the area now known as Hungary and extending into parts of Austria, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland. This culture is notable for its advancements in agriculture, architecture, social organization, and artistic expression, reflecting a significant period of cultural development in the Neolithic era of Europe.

Geographic and Temporal Context

The Lengyel culture developed in the Carpathian Basin during the Late Neolithic period, a time characterized by significant changes in human society, including the establishment of permanent settlements and increased reliance on farming. This geographical region provided fertile lands and abundant resources, which supported the growth and prosperity of Lengyel communities.

Settlement Patterns and Architecture

Lengyel settlements typically consisted of large, well-planned villages with rectangular, wattle-and-daub houses constructed on wooden frames. These structures often had thatched roofs and were grouped together, reflecting an organized approach to community planning. Some settlements show evidence of fortifications, suggesting concerns over security and possible conflicts with neighboring groups.

The culture is also noted for the construction of trapezoidal longhouses, which were communal in nature and possibly used for both residential and ceremonial purposes. These large structures indicate a complex social organization and a degree of communal cooperation.

Subsistence and Economy

Agriculture was the backbone of the Lengyel economy, with a heavy emphasis on crop cultivation and animal husbandry. The primary crops cultivated included cereals such as wheat, barley, and millet, along with legumes and various vegetables. Domesticated animals like cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats were integral to their subsistence strategy, providing not just food but also materials such as leather and wool.

This reliance on farming led to advancements in agricultural tools and techniques, facilitating greater yields and supporting larger populations. The Lengyel culture also engaged in trade, as evidenced by the distribution of exotic materials such as obsidian, which was used for crafting tools and other items.

Social Structure and Organization

The social structure of the Lengyel culture is inferred from archaeological evidence, suggesting a hierarchical society with emerging social stratification. This is indicated by the presence of varied grave goods and differences in burial practices, with some individuals being afforded more elaborate treatment, perhaps reflecting their status or role within the community.

Ceramic artifacts, particularly those with intricate decorations, suggest the existence of skilled artisans and possibly specialization of labor. The presence of ritualistic and symbolic items implies the importance of religion and ceremonial practices in their society.

Art and Symbolism

The Lengyel culture is renowned for its pottery, which stands out for its fine craftsmanship and intricate design. Characterized by colorful, painted geometric patterns and sometimes figurative motifs, Lengyel pottery often served both functional and decorative purposes. These ceramics reveal a sophisticated understanding of aesthetics and possibly held symbolic or ritual significance.

Figurines, often stylized representations of humans or animals, were also prevalent, reflecting the culture's artistic tendencies and potentially serving religious or symbolic purposes. These artifacts provide insight into the spiritual and cultural life of the Lengyel people.

Religion and Rituals

The spiritual beliefs and practices of the Lengyel culture are difficult to reconstruct in full, but archaeological evidence suggests a rich ritual life. Burials often contain grave goods such as ceramics, tools, and ornaments, pointing to beliefs in an afterlife or ancestor veneration.

The presence of figurines and other symbolic objects indicates the importance of religious or mythological themes in Lengyel society. These artifacts may have been used in ceremonies or as part of household worship, reflecting a complex spiritual life.

Legacy and Influence

The Lengyel culture had a lasting impact on the cultural landscape of prehistoric Europe. As part of the broader Neolithic expansion, it played a role in the diffusion of agricultural practices and technological innovations across the continent. Its pottery style and motifs influenced subsequent cultures, and its development of social structures likely paved the way for the emergence of more complex societies in the Bronze Age.

In summary, the Late Neolithic Lengyel culture of Hungary represents a significant period of innovation and development. Its advancements in agriculture, architecture, social organization, and art demonstrate a society that was both complex and dynamic, laying important foundations for future European civilizations.

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I3270 Chalcolithic Spain 3000 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Las Yurdinas II, Spain View
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I4188 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
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I0046 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I1550 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1495 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4496 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
I2352 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4900 BCE Veszprém Jutasi út, Hungary View
I1899 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4900 BCE Veszprém Jutasi út, Hungary View
I1900 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4797 BCE Veszprém Jutasi út, Hungary View
I1901 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4900 BCE Veszprém Jutasi út, Hungary View
I1903 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4900 BCE Bátaszék-Lajvér, Hungary View
I1906 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4900 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I18691 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4200 BCE Tolna county. Proletár trail. Dunaszentgyörgy, Hungary View
I1905 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1902 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
NE7 Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4496 BCE Apc-Berekalya-1 (Heves County, Hatvan), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1900) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 64%
European Hunter-Gatherers 25%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 7%
Ancient Asians 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1900) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 85%
Southern European 85%
Sardinian 38.1%
Balkan 26.6%
Italian 20.1%
Africa 15%
North African 15%
North African 15.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1900 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1900,0.10663938,0.15898164,0.01278574,-0.05521912,0.05232886,-0.02620092,-0.00473384,0.00443688,0.04023508,0.06944608,-0.00210328,0.0123771,-0.02128088,-0.01411278,-0.0128003,0.00519918,0.01616376,-0.00032026,-0.00238848,-0.00391436,-0.00169396,0.00174628,-0.0091817,-0.01816052,0.00426404
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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