A man buried in Hungary in the Early Neolithic era

I1876
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1876
Date:
5656 BCE - 5536 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
K1a4
Y-DNA:
G-PF3148
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep
Coordinates:
46.2086, 18.7000
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Starčevo culture, also known as the Starčevo-Cris culture, represents an important phase in the early Neolithic period in Southeast Europe, dating approximately from 6200 to 5200 BCE. This culture is considered one of the first farming communities in the region and played a significant role in the spread of agriculture across Europe, marking a transition from hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agrarian communities. The Starčevo culture is part of a broader Neolithic phenomenon that includes similar developments in nearby regions such as the Körös and Criș cultures.

Geographical Distribution

The Starčevo culture primarily developed in the areas that are present-day Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia, with sites also appearing in Romania and Slovakia. It is named after the type site at Starčevo, near Belgrade, Serbia, but its influence extended across the Carpathian Basin, particularly in Southern and Central Hungary.

Settlement Patterns

Starčevo settlements were typically situated along river valleys and on fertile plains. These sites were usually small, consisting of a few houses made with wattle and daub, indicating a relatively low population density. The settlements displayed organized spatial arrangements, suggesting a degree of social organization and planning. Archaeological evidence shows that the Starčevo peoples preferred locations that offered both access to water and fertile land suitable for early farming.

Agricultural Practices

The Starčevo culture is characterized by its adoption of agriculture, which included the cultivation of crops such as emmer wheat, barley, lentils, and peas. These early farmers also engaged in animal husbandry, domesticating animals like cattle, pigs, and sheep. This shift to farming would have significantly affected their way of life, allowing for more permanent settlements and the development of surplus food supplies.

Material Culture and Tools

Starčevo material culture is distinguished by its ceramics, which were typically undecorated or simply decorated with incised or impressed motifs. Pottery shapes included bowls, dishes, and storage jars. Stone tools continued to be significant, with polished stone axes and flint implements being commonly found at Starčevo sites. These tools were essential for farming, animal husbandry, and crafting other necessary items for daily life.

Social and Cultural Aspects

The Starčevo culture indicates a transition towards more complex social structures. While not much is known about their societal organization, the spread of similar cultural traits over a wide area suggests some form of communication and interaction between disparate groups. This culture likely had a system of communal living or small family-based clans that cooperated in farming and shared resources.

Religious and Ritual Practices

The Starčevo people might have had spiritual or religious beliefs connected to nature, fertility, and agricultural cycles, as indicated by the occasional presence of figurines and burial practices. However, concrete evidence of specific religious practices is limited, making it difficult to fully understand their spiritual life.

Influence and Legacy

The significance of the Starčevo culture lies in its position at the forefront of the Neolithic revolution in Europe. It represents one of the earliest examples of organized agricultural society on the continent, which set the stage for subsequent cultural developments. The innovations in farming, pottery, and settlement layouts that characterized the Starčevo culture contributed to the foundation upon which later Neolithic cultures in Europe would build.

In summary, the Starčevo culture represents a pivotal moment in European prehistory, marking the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to settled agricultural communities. Its advancements in agriculture, settlement patterns, and material culture had long-lasting impacts, facilitating the spread of the Neolithic lifestyle across Europe.

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I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I3273 3606 BCE Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera, Spain View
I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
I2357 5300 BCE Pusztataskony Ledence 1, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0174 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5712 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I1876 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5656 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I1878 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I17927 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5631 BCE Vörs-Màriaasszonysziget (Zala County, Marcali), Hungary View
I29876 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5700 BCE West of Danube, Siklós-elkerülö út (Siklós-Csukman dülö), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1876) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 70%
European Hunter-Gatherers 22%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 8%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1876) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 77%
Southern European 77%
Italian 55.1%
Sardinian 22.4%
Asia 13%
Northern West Asian 8%
Cypriot 7.5%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 5%
Levantine 5.0%
Africa 10%
North African 10%
North African 9.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1876 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1876,0.10131836,0.15754016,0.00045534,-0.06749524,0.04143742,-0.03247004,-0.00398024,0.0026302,0.04443596,0.05594568,0.00097622,0.00569352,-0.00774976,-0.0105809,-0.01150234,0.00858736,0.00594464,0.00139866,0.00263266,0.00090402,0.00429596,0.0081848,-0.01266,-0.01619964,0.00182883
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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