A woman buried in Hungary in the Early Neolithic era

I4972
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I4972
Date:
6000 BCE - 5500 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
J1c1b
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza
Coordinates:
47.5592, 20.7212
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Neolithic Körös Culture, part of the broader Starčevo-Körös-Criș complex, represents a significant phase in the prehistoric development of Europe and is a critical component of the Neolithic period in the Carpathian Basin. This culture, named after the Körös River in present-day Hungary, flourished approximately between 6000 and 5500 BCE.

Geography and Environment

The Körös Culture primarily occupied the Great Hungarian Plain, an area characterized by its fertile alluvial soils, which arose from the plains and river floodplains surrounding the Danube, Tisza, and Körös Rivers. This landscape provided an ideal environment for early agricultural development, with a climate that supported diverse flora and fauna.

Social Structure and Settlements

The Körös Culture is noted for its small, semi-permanent settlements. These were often located on elevated areas to avoid seasonal flooding, often near water sources which facilitated agriculture and transportation. The social structure of these communities may have been relatively egalitarian, given the lack of evidence for significant hierarchical differentiation within settlements.

Architecture

Archaeological evidence suggests that Körös dwellings were typically rectangular or oval, constructed using a wattle-and-daub technique. The houses were built from wooden frames filled with a combination of mud, clay, and straw, supported by wooden posts. The floors were made of clay, sometimes paved with stones, and the roofs were likely thatched.

Economy and Subsistence

Subsistence was largely based on a mixed economy of agriculture and animal husbandry, which included the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, and lentils. Domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were integral to their economy, providing meat, milk, and other resources. Hunting and fishing supplemented their diet, exploiting local wildlife and aquatic resources.

Pottery and Material Culture

One of the defining features of the Körös Culture is its distinctive pottery, which reflects advanced ceramic techniques for its time. The pottery often features simple, geometric decorations, usually painted in white or red on a dark background. These vessels, primarily made by hand, served utilitarian purposes, but their decorative aspects highlight an appreciation for artistic expression.

The Körös people are also credited with the development and utilization of a variety of stone tools, including chipped and polished implements. Bone and antler tools are also common, reflecting the community's proficiency in using available natural resources.

Art and Symbolism

While not as elaborate as some later Neolithic cultures, Körös artifacts do suggest the presence of symbolic or artistic expression. This can be seen in the form of small clay figurines, which might have had religious or ritualistic significance, representing humans or animals, and potentially used in ceremonies or as household idols.

Burial Practices and Spiritual Life

Our understanding of Körös spiritual life is limited, but burial practices indicate some belief in an afterlife or spiritual system. Burials were typically simple, with the dead interred in shallow graves, often accompanied by small amounts of grave goods such as pottery or tools, suggesting a belief in providing for the deceased in the afterlife.

Legacy and Influence

The Körös Culture played a fundamental role in the spread of Neolithic practices and lifestyles throughout Central Europe. Their innovations in agriculture, architecture, and craftsmanship paved the way for subsequent Neolithic cultures, influencing regions far beyond the Carpathian Basin. As part of the broader Starčevo-Körös-Criș cultural complex, their interactions and exchanges with neighboring cultures contributed to the development of a more interconnected Neolithic Europe.

In conclusion, the Körös Culture represents a crucial period in the Neolithic era, marked by significant advancements in agriculture, technology, and social organization, which laid the foundation for future European societies.

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I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1508 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5716 BCE Berettyóújfalu-Morotva-Liget, Hungary View
I2374 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I4972 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 6000 BCE Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza, Hungary View
I2794 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5713 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I2373 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
KO1 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5788 BCE Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza_unknown-site-2 (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County, Tiszafüred), Hungary View
I15073 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5835 BCE Szentpéterszeg-Körtvélyes-2 (Hajdú-Bihar County, Berettyóújfalu), Hungary View
I17931 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5800 BCE Dévaványa-Katonaföldek (Békés County, Gyomaendrőd, D), Hungary View
NEO130 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5974 BCE Dezsk (Csongrád-Csanád County, Szeged), Hungary View
NEO137 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5722 BCE Hödmezövasarhely Kotac (Csongrád-Csanád County, Hódmezővásárhely), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4972) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

European Hunter-Gatherers 43%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 34%
Neolithic Farmers 19%
Ancient Asians 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4972) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 81%
Northwestern European 54%
Northwestern European 54.2%
Southern European 26%
Sardinian 26.3%
Africa 12%
North African 8%
Egyptian 7.7%
Northern East African 4%
Ethiopian 4.4%
Asia 7%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 7%
Chinese 7.3%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I4972 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I4972,0.07786636,0.12376222,0.02595502,0.00941592,0.03863714,-0.0021763,-0.0004413,0.00956722,0.01986122,0.02707982,-0.00620426,0.00671232,-0.00961468,0.00119888,-0.00325106,0.00054118,0.00291224,-0.00182244,0.00139688,0.0007219,0.00191062,0.00247378,-0.00390372,-0.01058842,0.00105165
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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