A man buried in Hungary in the Hunter-Gatherer era

I4971
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I4971
Date:
5737 BCE - 5538 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
K1
Y-DNA:
I-S2599
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza
Coordinates:
47.5592, 20.7212
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, located in what is today modern Hungary, represents an intriguing chapter in the broader narrative of the European Neolithic period. It is intricately linked with its neighboring Starčevo and Criş cultures, forming part of the wider Starčevo-Körös-Criş cultural complex that spanned the central and southeastern Europe during the early Neolithic, dating approximately between 6000 and 5500 BCE.

Geography and Environment

The Körös Culture was primarily situated in the fertile floodplains of the Körös River in eastern Hungary, with its influence stretching into parts of present-day Romania and Serbia. This area is characterized by its rich, alluvial soils, ample water supply, and diverse ecosystem, which would have provided an ideal environment for early agricultural practices while still supporting a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Economy and Subsistence

The Körös Culture marks a transitional phase from predominantly hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agricultural communities. While they still relied heavily on hunting game and gathering wild plants, there was a gradual incorporation of farming practices. Archaeological evidence suggests that they cultivated early domesticates such as emmer and einkorn wheat, barley, lentils, and peas.

Animal husbandry also began to take root during this era, with evidence of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. However, the Körös Culture still prominently featured hunting, particularly of deer and wild boar, and fishing, given their proximity to rivers and wetlands.

Settlements and Architecture

Körös settlements were typically small and consisted of semi-permanent structures. These houses were often built using wattle and daub techniques, with wooden frameworks sealed with a mixture of clay, straw, and dung. Settlements were usually located near bodies of water, providing easy access to aquatic resources as well as fertile lands for early agricultural activities.

Material Culture and Tools

The material culture of the Körös people reflects both innovation and continuity with Mesolithic traditions. They produced pottery that, while initially simple, evolved into more complex forms with geometric patterns, indicating increasing skill and aesthetic appreciation. Stone tools from this period include polished stone axes and blades, while bone and antler tools underscore their reliance on hunting.

Social Structure and Cultural Practices

Though detailed social structures of the Körös Culture are not clearly defined due to the paucity of written records and limited archaeological evidence, it is conceivable that they had a relatively egalitarian social organization typical of early Neolithic communities. Social cohesion was likely maintained through kinship ties and shared cultural practices, including ritualistic activities or ceremonies suggested by burial sites and ritual artifacts.

Interaction and Influence

The Körös Culture is significant for its role in the diffusion of Neolithic technologies and practices across Central Europe. There was considerable interaction with neighboring cultures, especially along the Danube River corridor, facilitating the transfer of ideas and techniques such as pottery styles, farming practices, and animal domestication. This interaction helped lay the groundwork for subsequent Central European Neolithic cultures.

Legacy

The Körös Culture represents an essential link in the chain of human development within Europe. It demonstrates the complex interplay between migrating agricultural communities and indigenous hunter-gatherer groups, portraying the Neolithic not as a singular event but as a gradual, multifaceted process that reshaped human societies over millennia.

This period laid crucial foundations for the development of more advanced agrarian societies and the eventual rise of complex societies in Central Europe. The remnants of the Körös Culture provide valuable insights into the adaptability and resilience of human societies during times of significant environmental and cultural change.

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I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1507 Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, Hungary 5788 BCE Tiszaszolos-Domaháza, Hungary View
I4971 Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, Hungary 5737 BCE Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4971) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 65%
European Hunter-Gatherers 22%
Neolithic Farmers 12%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4971) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 99%
Northwestern European 94%
English 32.4%
Finnish 31.2%
Scandinavian 30.4%
Eastern European 5%
Eastern European 4.8%
Oceania 1%
Melanesian 1%
Papuan 1.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I4971 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I4971,0.1361067,0.12707724,0.07322498,0.067214,0.0396847,0.03095694,0.00829296,0.01011586,0.00294454,-0.01651678,-0.00632442,-0.0021977,0.00883214,0.01254994,0.0056772,0.00645122,-0.0051929,0.00360014,0.0034976,0.00296342,0.00139706,-0.00305246,0.0095215,0.00479452,0.00071236
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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