A woman buried in Germany in the Neolithic era

I0166
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0166
Date:
4600 BCE - 4300 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
V1a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Neolithic Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld
Coordinates:
51.8958, 11.0467
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Neolithic period in Germany, spanning roughly from around 5500 BCE to 2200 BCE, marks a significant era of transformation from hunter-gatherer societies to sedentary agricultural communities. This period, often called the New Stone Age, is characterized by the advent of farming, the establishment of permanent settlements, and significant advancements in tool-making and social structure.

Agricultural Revolution

The introduction of agriculture was a pivotal change during the Neolithic period in Germany. The region saw the rise of farming communities, largely influenced by the influx of peoples from the Near East who brought with them cereal crops like wheat and barley, as well as domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. This transition allowed for surplus food production, which supported population growth and led to more complex societal structures.

Settlements and Architecture

Neolithic communities in Germany began to establish permanent settlements. Archaeological evidence reveals longhouse structures that provided both living space for families and areas for animal stabling. These wooden structures, often rectangular, reflect a significant change from temporary shelters used by previous nomadic groups. Settlement sites were usually located near fertile land and water sources, optimizing agricultural success and community sustainability.

Material Culture and Technology

The Neolithic era witnessed substantial advancements in tool-making technology. Polished stone tools became predominant, with axes and adzes playing critical roles in land clearing for agriculture. Pottery production also began during this period, with early ceramics being simple, utilitarian vessels evolving into more elaborate, decorated forms over time. Pottery not only served practical functions but also demonstrated artistic expression and cultural identity.

Megalithic Structures and Burial Practices

Neolithic Germany is famous for its megalithic structures, such as dolmens and passage graves, which indicate a complex social structure and spiritual or ritualistic practices. These monumental constructions involved significant community effort and are thought to reflect belief systems concerning life after death and ancestor worship.

Burial practices in the Neolithic also became more elaborate, with varied grave goods indicating social differentiation. Artifacts such as pottery, tools, and ornaments were often found in graves, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife where such items would be useful.

Social and Economic Structures

The Neolithic period saw the development of more complex social structures. The shift to agriculture allowed for surplus production, which likely facilitated trade and the development of social hierarchies. Evidence suggests that some individuals or families accumulated more resources than others, leading to an emergent differentiation in wealth and status.

Communities were likely organized in kin-based groups, with extended families forming the primary social units. Over time, these groups could have evolved into tribal entities with leaders or elders guiding community decisions and managing resources.

Cultural and Artistic Expression

Art and symbolic expression during the Neolithic were evident in pottery designs, statuettes, and carvings. The appearance of figurative art suggests a rich cultural life encompassing spiritual or religious beliefs. Objects found in settlements and burial sites indicate a symbolic understanding of the world and the human place within it.

In summary, Neolithic Germany represents a transformative era marked by the establishment of agriculture, permanent settlements, technological innovation, and complex social, economic, and spiritual structures. The cultural practices and societal frameworks developed during this time laid the foundation for the subsequent Bronze Age and continued evolution of human societies in Europe.

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I0659 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I3273 3606 BCE Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera, Spain View
I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
I2357 5300 BCE Pusztataskony Ledence 1, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0166 Neolithic Germany 4600 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0166) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 75%
European Hunter-Gatherers 14%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 10%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0166) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 88%
Southern European 88%
Italian 55.5%
Sardinian 16.0%
Iberian 16.0%
Balkan 1.0%
Asia 6%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 3%
Arabian 3.4%
Northern West Asian 3%
Cypriot 2.7%
Africa 6%
North African 6%
North African 4.3%
Egyptian 1.3%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0166 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0166,0.10191726,0.15755224,0.00401486,-0.06353672,0.0427618,-0.03089304,-0.00384302,0.0030826,0.04487366,0.05493428,0.00046026,0.00591968,-0.00791814,-0.01035924,-0.00982662,0.00834164,0.0036048,0.00122732,0.00249052,0.00112898,0.00508006,0.0086071,-0.01278066,-0.01626412,0.00189035
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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