A woman buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I2790
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2790
Date:
3768 BCE - 3543 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
N1a1a3
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Chalcolithic Proto-Boleráz Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Abony. Turjányos-dűlő
Coordinates:
47.1891, 20.0048
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Proto-Boleráz culture is part of the Late Chalcolithic period in Central Europe, and it represents an important transitional era preceding the more established Boleráz phase within the context of the broader Baden culture. Focusing specifically on the Proto-Boleráz culture in Hungary, this era roughly dates back to the late 5th millennium BCE to the early 4th millennium BCE, a time marked by significant social, technological, and cultural shifts as communities adapted to changing environments and increasing interactions with neighboring cultures.

Geographical and Environmental Context

The Proto-Boleráz culture primarily occupied regions along the Danube River, encompassing parts of present-day Hungary, Slovakia, and Austria. This location provided fertile floodplains ideal for agriculture and facilitated trade and communication between diverse communities. The climate during this period was relatively stable and favorable for farming, which supported population growth and the establishment of more permanent settlements.

Subsistence and Economy

The economy of the Proto-Boleráz culture was predominantly agrarian, with farming and animal husbandry forming the backbone of daily life. Communities cultivated crops such as wheat, barley, and legumes, and raised livestock including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The domestication of such animals not only provided meat, wool, and milk but also aided in agricultural activities like plowing.

In addition to agriculture, the Proto-Boleráz people engaged in hunting, gathering, and fishing, which supplemented their diet and allowed for a degree of resilience against crop failures. This period also saw increased specialization and trade, with evidence suggesting the exchange of pottery, stone tools, and possibly metallurgical products with neighboring cultures.

Settlement Patterns

Proto-Boleráz settlements were typically small, with a few larger central sites that served as hubs for regional activities. These villages were often strategically located on elevated terrains near water sources, minimizing the risk of flooding and maximizing access to fertile lands. The structures within these settlements were built using wattle and daub, with thatched roofs common for dwellings and communal buildings.

Archaeological findings indicate that these communities were organized with a degree of social hierarchy, as evidenced by the varied sizes of dwellings and the differential grave goods found in burials. Larger settlements would have housed not only farmers but also artisans and possibly trade specialists, indicating a gradually increasing complexity in social structures.

Material Culture

The Proto-Boleráz culture is renowned for its distinctive pottery, which features an array of forms and decorations. Typically, these ceramics are characterized by their fine craftsmanship and intricate designs, often with incised or painted patterns. The pottery style is an evolutionary step toward the more standardized wares of the Boleráz phase, demonstrating the continuity and innovation within the same cultural tradition.

Lithic technology remained an essential aspect of the Proto-Boleráz toolkit, with stone implements crafted for both domestic and hunting purposes. Tools found at archaeological sites include flint blades, scrapers, and projectile points, showcasing skilled knapping techniques.

Social and Ritualistic Practices

The social organization of the Proto-Boleráz culture was likely based around kinship ties and communal networks, with increasing complexity suggested by regional differentiation in burial practices. Cemeteries and isolated burials provide insights into the spiritual and ritualistic lives of these people.

Burial practices varied, with some graves richly adorned with personal ornaments and tools, implying differences in status or role within the society. Such grave goods might include pottery, jewelry made from bone or stone, and, more rarely, metal objects like copper adornments, which were emerging as significant items denoting prestige and power.

Ritualistic practices would have played a vital role in maintaining social cohesion and mediating relationships with the natural and spiritual world. While specific religious beliefs remain speculative, the use of symbolic motifs on pottery and the careful placement of grave goods suggest a complex spiritual belief system oriented around ancestor worship or a pantheon of deities.

Cultural Interactions and Legacy

The Proto-Boleráz culture serves as an essential bridge in the cultural continuum that leads from the Neolithic through to more complex Chalcolithic and Bronze Age societies in Central Europe. It facilitated the spread of technological and cultural innovations, such as metallurgy and advanced ceramics, into the broader European context, influencing subsequent cultures like the Vučedol and Unetice.

In sum, the Late Chalcolithic Proto-Boleráz culture in Hungary represents a period of dynamic change and adaptation. As these communities navigated the challenges of their environment, they laid the groundwork for thriving cultural and technological advancements that would shape the future of Central Europe. Their legacy is preserved in the archaeological record, providing rich insights into human adaptation and ingenuity during a pivotal epoch in prehistory.

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I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
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I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
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I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2788 Late Chalcolithic Proto-Boleráz Culture, Hungary 3910 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2789 Late Chalcolithic Proto-Boleráz Culture, Hungary 3800 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2790 Late Chalcolithic Proto-Boleráz Culture, Hungary 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 Late Chalcolithic Proto-Boleráz Culture, Hungary 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2790) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 68%
European Hunter-Gatherers 24%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 9%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2790) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 97%
Southern European 97%
Italian 46.2%
Sardinian 29.0%
Iberian 21.3%
Asia 2%
Northern West Asian 2%
Cypriot 2.1%
Africa 1%
North African 1%
Egyptian 1.4%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2790 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2790,0.1089574,0.15970632,0.00822252,-0.06079384,0.0485178,-0.0290628,-0.00336972,0.0035852,0.04235374,0.0645081,-0.00063348,0.00973732,-0.0163627,-0.01286978,-0.01277206,0.00702924,0.01151004,0.00074414,0.00121396,-0.0019048,0.00113598,0.00585242,-0.01213406,-0.0179391,0.00309481
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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