A man buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I2356
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I2356
Date:
4500 BCE - 4000 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
T2c1
Y-DNA:
G-L30
Cultural Period:
Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Pusztataskony-Ledence I
Coordinates:
47.4593, 20.5128
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Tiszapolgár culture, a fascinating part of the early Chalcolithic or Copper Age of Central Europe, flourished approximately between 4500 and 4000 BCE in the Carpathian Basin, predominantly in what is now Hungary. This era marked a transition from the Neolithic way of life, characterized by stone tool use and agricultural settlements, to a period where the early use of metal, especially copper, began to appear alongside traditional practices. This transition period is critical in understanding the evolution of European societies towards more complex social structures and technological advancements.

Geography and Settlement

The Tiszapolgár culture is named after the town of Tiszapolgár in Hungary, where significant archaeological finds have been made. It occupied the Great Hungarian Plain, which provided rich alluvial soil and a hospitable environment for early farming communities. The settlements of this period were typically located near rivers or water bodies, facilitating agriculture and providing resources for daily activities.

These communities usually consisted of small, dispersed settlements rather than large, centralized towns. The typical settlement pattern suggests a community of interconnected but autonomous groups, each managing its agricultural activities and communal resources. Houses were generally rectangular, constructed using wattle-and-daub techniques, and often featured thatched roofs.

Economy and Subsistence

The subsistence strategy of the Tiszapolgár people was diverse, involving agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, and gathering. They cultivated crops such as wheat, barley, peas, and lentils, utilizing the fertile plains to their advantage. Livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, played a significant role in their economy, not only providing meat but also secondary products like milk, wool, and leather.

The Tiszapolgár culture also shows evidence of trade and exchange networks for goods not locally available. This is exemplified by the presence of materials like obsidian and flint, which were used for tool-making and were likely obtained through trade or travel.

Technology and Craftsmanship

One of the defining features of the Chalcolithic period is the early use of copper, and the Tiszapolgár culture is no exception. Although stone tools were still predominantly used, copper began to appear in the form of small tools and ornaments, indicating a nascent metallurgical industry. This included the production of simple axes, awls, and jewelry, which were likely status symbols or used in trade.

Ceramics from the Tiszapolgár culture are particularly noteworthy. Pottery was often decorated with intricate geometric patterns or incised designs, and the quality of craftsmanship suggests a high level of skill. These ceramics were not only utilitarian but also played a role in cultural and ritual practices.

Social Structure and Culture

The Tiszapolgár culture exhibits signs of increasing social complexity. The presence of different burial practices suggests a stratified society, possibly with distinct social classes or roles within the community. Burial sites often contain grave goods, such as pottery, tools, and personal ornaments, indicating beliefs in an afterlife or social status display.

Rituals and spiritual life during this period are less clearly understood but are integral to understanding the cultural fabric. The presence of figurines and decorated objects suggests a symbolic or religious aspect to their material culture, possibly revolving around fertility, ancestry, or natural elements.

Conclusion

The Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár culture represents a significant period of transition in European prehistory. It stands out for its combination of traditional Neolithic practices with emerging Copper Age innovations, laying the groundwork for subsequent cultural developments in the region. This era reflects adaptability and ingenuity in the face of changing environmental and social conditions, indicating a proactive approach to technological and cultural advancements. Through a combination of agriculture, nascent metallurgy, and intricate craftsmanship, the Tiszapolgár people contributed to the dynamic tapestry of Chalcolithic Europe, providing a foundation for future complexities in societal structures and interactions.

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I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
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I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2353 Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár Culture, Hungary 4500 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
I2354 Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár Culture, Hungary 4500 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
I2356 Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár Culture, Hungary 4500 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
I2395 Early Chalcolithic Tiszapolgár Culture, Hungary 4500 BCE Pusztataskony-Ledence I, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2356) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 61%
European Hunter-Gatherers 26%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 10%
Ancient Oceanians 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I2356) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 87%
Southern European 86%
Iberian 27.1%
Italian 23.0%
Sardinian 21.7%
Balkan 13.9%
Northwestern European 2%
Northwestern European 1.9%
Asia 8%
Northern West Asian 8%
Cypriot 8.4%
Africa 4%
North African 4%
Egyptian 4.1%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I2356 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I2356,0.1138493,0.16059624,0.01682046,-0.05163784,0.05361088,-0.02526332,-0.0028889,0.00476156,0.04137642,0.06770224,-0.00242774,0.0123116,-0.0212407,-0.01356528,-0.01155126,0.0059396,0.01179484,0.00026368,0.00030524,-0.00280282,0.00068538,0.00531442,-0.01238166,-0.01881424,0.00378814
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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