A woman buried in Hungary in the Late Neolithic era

I4184
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I4184
Date:
4932 BCE - 4714 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
K1-a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Szemely-Hegyes
Coordinates:
46.0254, 18.3251
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Neolithic Sopot culture, which flourished in Hungary and parts of Central Europe roughly between 5000 and 4500 BCE, is an intriguing subject of study within the broader context of the European Neolithic period. This culture is part of the broader Neolithic revolution, a time marked by significant advances in agriculture, settlement patterns, and social structures in human history.

Geographic Distribution and Origins

The Sopot culture primarily occupied what is now modern-day Hungary, with influences extending into parts of Croatia and Serbia. It is often considered a bridge culture between the earlier Starčevo-Körös-Criş culture and the subsequent Lengyel culture. The Sopot sites, named after the eponymous site in Croatia, suggest a cultural continuity and transition from these earlier Neolithic communities.

Settlement Patterns

Settlements of the Sopot culture were typically founded along river valleys and fertile plains, providing rich resources for agriculture and animal husbandry. Villages were usually composed of a few large, elongated houses made of wattle-and-daub construction. The settlements were not densely populated, indicating a reliance on an extended network of smaller communities.

Economy and Subsistence

The Sopot culture marked a significant advancement in Neolithic agricultural practices. Their diet was primarily based on cereal cultivation, including wheat and barley, supplemented by the cultivation of legumes like peas and lentils. The adoption of agriculture allowed for more permanent settlements and was supported by domesticated animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Additionally, hunting and fishing contributed to their diet, with evidence of deer, boar, and freshwater fish being found at archaeological sites.

Material Culture

The Sopot culture is distinguished by its pottery, which exhibits intricate decorations and finely crafted forms. Ceramics were predominantly made by hand and often featured incised or impressed designs, including spirals, lines, and dots, typically filled with a white paste to create contrast. These artifacts suggest a sophisticated aesthetic sense and indicate a rich symbolic life.

In terms of tools, the Sopot culture utilized polished stone implements such as axes and adzes, which were crucial for clearing forests for agriculture and constructing dwellings. Flint, bone, and antler were commonly used for various tools, including arrowheads and sickles, demonstrating skill in craftsmanship.

Social Organization and Trade

The social organization of the Sopot culture is thought to have been relatively egalitarian, with little evidence of pronounced social stratification. However, the presence of figurines and decorated pottery implies rituals or spiritual practices that could have played a role in the social cohesion of the community.

Trade and exchange networks were also a characteristic of the Sopot culture. The distribution of obsidian and shell items across different archaeological sites suggests contact and communication with distant communities, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.

Rituals and Beliefs

While direct evidence of religious practices is sparse, the Sopot culture's artifacts include anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines. These objects likely had symbolic or ritual significance, possibly related to fertility, household protection, or deity worship. Burial practices during this period are not well-documented, but as with many Neolithic communities, they likely included simple interments with grave goods suggesting beliefs in an afterlife or spiritual existence.

Influence and Legacy

The Sopot culture played a crucial role in the Neolithic tapestry of Central Europe. It represents a period of transition and cultural fusion, contributing to the development of subsequent cultures, including the Lengyel, which carry elements of Sopot traditions. This influence is seen in the continuation of certain pottery styles and subsistence strategies.

In summary, the Late Neolithic Sopot culture of Hungary was a dynamic civilization marked by innovative agricultural practices, distinctive pottery styles, and a network of trade and cultural exchange. This culture illustrates the complexity of Neolithic societies and their adaptability to changing environments and opportunities presented by settled agricultural life.

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I3270 Chalcolithic Spain 3000 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Las Yurdinas II, Spain View
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I4188 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I3535 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
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I3536 Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I0046 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2384 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I0046 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I3273 3606 BCE Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera, Spain View
I3276 3096 BCE Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain View
I2357 5300 BCE Pusztataskony Ledence 1, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1893 Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary 5034 BCE Alsónyék-Elkerülő 2, Hungary View
I4183 Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary 4928 BCE Szemely-Hegyes, Hungary View
I4184 Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary 4932 BCE Szemely-Hegyes, Hungary View
I4185 Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary 5026 BCE Alsónyék-Elkerülö 2, Hungary View
I1890 Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary 5100 BCE Fajsz Garadomb, Hungary View
I1891 Late Neolithic Sopot Culture, Hungary 5203 BCE Fajsz Garadomb, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4184) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 73%
European Hunter-Gatherers 23%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4184) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 86%
Southern European 86%
Italian 44.8%
Sardinian 29.7%
Iberian 11.1%
Asia 8%
Northern West Asian 6%
Cypriot 6.2%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 1%
Levantine 1.4%
Africa 7%
North African 7%
North African 6.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I4184 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I4184,0.10450052,0.15858856,0.0033954,-0.06531376,0.04452112,-0.03144688,-0.0036898,0.00298848,0.0441906,0.05951152,0.00024204,0.00726968,-0.01083572,-0.01121544,-0.01217204,0.00807344,0.00815248,0.00121648,0.0022472,-0.00010756,0.00317852,0.0074922,-0.0126034,-0.01714728,0.00246564
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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