A man buried in Germany in the Middle Neolithic era

I1594
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1594
Date:
3338 BCE - 3024 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
J1c1b1
Y-DNA:
R1
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Blatterhohle, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Blatterhole Cave
Coordinates:
51.3583, 7.5511
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic Blätterhöhle culture in Germany is a fascinating chapter in the broader narrative of the Western European Neolithic period, characterized by significant advancements in agriculture, societal organization, and cultural expression. Emerging around 4,000 BCE, this era marks a transition from purely hunter-gatherer societies to more settled and agrarian-based communities.

Geography and Environment

Blätterhöhle is a cave site located in Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The temperate climate of the region, combined with its fertile soil and lush forests, provided an ideal environment for Neolithic people to engage in early agricultural practices. The rivers and streams in the region also facilitated transportation and trade, contributing to the cultural richness of the area.

Economy and Subsistence

The inhabitants at Blätterhöhle were among the early adopters of farming techniques introduced from the Near East. They cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat and barley, and domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. These activities marked a shift away from the reliance on wild resources like game and foraged plants, although hunting and gathering still played a role in their diet.

Technology and Tools

Neolithic communities in Blätterhöhle developed a range of sophisticated tools and technologies that facilitated their agricultural lifestyle. Polished stone axes, adzes, and sickle blades made from flint were commonly used for clearing forests, tilling the soil, and harvesting crops. The production of pottery, often decorated with linear or geometric motifs, indicates advancements in craftsmanship and storage solutions for surplus agricultural produce.

Social Structure and Settlement

The Middle Neolithic period witnessed the emergence of more permanent settlements. Houses were constructed using wood and thatch, with communities often comprising several extended family units. Social structures likely became more complex, with evidence suggesting the existence of social stratification or differentiation, possibly based on wealth, occupation, or lineage.

Burial Practices and Spirituality

The Blätterhöhle site is notably recognized for its burial practices. The cave was used as a burial site, which provides valuable insights into the spiritual and ritualistic aspects of the culture. The presence of grave goods such as pottery, ornaments, and tools indicates a belief in an afterlife or the importance of the deceased in their society. The placement of bodies and the care in burial practices reflect a complex worldview and religious practice.

Art and Symbolism

Artistic expression in the form of decorated pottery, carvings, and possibly textiles played a role in daily life. These items not only served utilitarian purposes but also held cultural or symbolic significance. Patterns and designs found on artifacts suggest the transmission of cultural knowledge and identity, potentially linked to broader regional styles across Western Europe.

Interaction and Trade

The Middle Neolithic communities in Blätterhöhle were not isolated; they engaged in interaction and trade with neighboring regions. Archaeological evidence points to the exchange of goods such as flint, ornaments, and pottery. These exchanges facilitated the spread of new ideas, technologies, and cultural practices, contributing to the cultural dynamism of the period.

Conclusion

The Middle Neolithic era in the Blätterhöhle region of Germany represents an important phase in the evolution of human society in Western Europe. The shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural communities laid the groundwork for future developments in social complexity, technological innovation, and cultural expression. The archaeological findings at Blätterhöhle offer valuable insights into these transitions and the enduring legacy of Neolithic peoples.

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I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0447 5000 BCE Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. grave 4, Hungary View
I2373 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I1877 5713 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I3535 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I3536 5300 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I3537 5479 BCE Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary View
I4188 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I0018 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I2739 5307 BCE Alsónyék-Bátaszék. site 11, Hungary View
I2790 3768 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2791 3649 BCE Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary View
I2793 4442 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I1895 5318 BCE Szederkény-Kukorica-dülö, Hungary View
I1902 4900 BCE Felsőörs-Bárókert, Hungary View
I1905 4834 BCE Csabdi-Télizöldes, Hungary View
I1907 4334 BCE Enese elkerülő. Kóny. Proletár-dülö. M85. Site 2, Hungary View
I1878 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I2366 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2367 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
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I0659 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1593 Middle Neolithic Blatterhohle, Germany 3644 BCE Blatterhole Cave, Germany View
I1563 Middle Neolithic Blatterhohle, Germany 3626 BCE Blatterhole Cave, Germany View
I1565 Middle Neolithic Blatterhohle, Germany 3725 BCE Blatterhole Cave, Germany View
I1594 Middle Neolithic Blatterhohle, Germany 3338 BCE Blatterhole Cave, Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1594) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 40%
Neolithic Farmers 29%
European Hunter-Gatherers 26%
Ancient Asians 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1594) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Northwestern European 60%
Finnish 23.8%
English 15.2%
Northwestern European 14.4%
Scandinavian 6.2%
Southern European 40%
Iberian 32.2%
Sardinian 8.1%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1594 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1594,0.12526924,0.14571662,0.05501638,0.0198728,0.05013008,0.00686326,-0.00016076,0.00765746,0.02180702,0.02681284,-0.00736078,0.00828226,-0.01652232,-0.00503944,0.01084248,0.00112418,-0.01474838,-0.00021318,-0.00088358,-0.0019848,0.00455492,0.00563926,-0.00707386,-0.0042616,0.00318825
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Authors:
Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S
Abstract:

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000-2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500-3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500-2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Link:
View Publication
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