A woman buried in Germany in the Early Neolithic era

XN188
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
XN188
Date:
5302 BCE - 5063 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
J1c17
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I
Coordinates:
48.7800, 9.1800
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Linear Pottery Culture (Linearbandkeramik, or LBK) represents one of the earliest farming communities in prehistoric Europe, marking a transformative period in European Neolithic history. Emerging around 5500 BC and lasting until about 4500 BC, the LBK culture is primarily known for its distinctive pottery, settlement patterns, and agricultural practices. This culture spread extensively across Central Europe, including regions of modern-day Germany, and it played a crucial role in the Neolithic expansion.

Geographical and Environmental Context

The Linear Pottery Culture primarily flourished in the fertile loess plains of Central Europe. Germany, with its temperate climate and rich, arable soils, provided an ideal environment for agriculture. These areas supported the early LBK settlements, from the upper Danube basin and extending to the Rhine and beyond into present-day Poland, France, and the Czech Republic.

Settlements

LBK communities are recognized for their linear settlements, which often consisted of groups of longhouses. These longhouses, typically up to 20 meters in length, were built using timber frames covered with clay and thatch. These structures served as the primary living quarters and were often accompanied by smaller outbuildings and granaries. Settlements were strategically located near water sources and on fertile lands to support farming and animal husbandry.

Economy and Subsistence

The Linear Pottery Culture marked a significant shift from hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agricultural communities. The economy was primarily based on farming, with the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, and legumes. The LBK people practiced crop rotation and used primitive plowing techniques to enhance yields.

Animal husbandry was also integral, involving cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. These animals provided not only meat but also secondary products like milk and hides. The combination of agriculture and pastoralism supported relatively stable and growing populations.

Pottery

The LBK is named after its characteristic pottery, which featured linear bands and incised patterns. These ceramic vessels were primarily utilitarian, used for cooking, storage, and other domestic purposes. The pottery styles and decorations varied regionally, demonstrating a blend of local traditions and wider LBK influences.

Social Structure and Organization

The evidence suggests that LBK societies were relatively egalitarian, with social organization centered around extended family units. The longhouses may have housed multiple generations, and their uniformity in size and construction hints at some level of social equality. However, variance in grave goods indicates that some status differentiation existed, possibly based on age, gender, or familial roles.

Burial Practices and Spiritual Life

Burial practices during the Linear Pottery Culture were diverse. Inhumation was common, with graves often aligned east-west and bodies interred in a contracted position. Grave goods, when present, included pottery, stone tools, and personal ornaments, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife and the importance of burial rites.

Spiritual life likely involved animistic beliefs and reverence for natural features. There is evidence of ritual sites and practices, although concrete details remain sparse. The construction of enclosures and large ditches at some sites might indicate ritualistic or defensive purposes.

Legacy and Influence

The Linear Pottery Culture laid the groundwork for subsequent Neolithic cultures in Europe. Its innovations in agriculture, pottery, and settlement patterns influenced many later European societies. The spread of agriculture through the LBK's expansion contributed significantly to the shaping of Europe's demographic and cultural landscape.

The LBK culture's demise around 4500 BC was gradual, giving way to regional cultures that built upon its foundation. These successor cultures continued to develop and refine the agricultural practices and social structures that began during the LBK period, leading to the complex societies of the later Neolithic and Bronze Age.

In summary, the Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture in Germany represents a pivotal moment in European prehistory, where innovation in farming and settlement laid the foundations for future societal developments. Its legacy is evident in the spread of agricultural practices and the lasting impact on European cultural evolution.

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GRG041 Middle Neolithic France 5000 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
GRG043 Middle Neolithic France 5000 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
GRG047 Middle Neolithic France 5000 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
GRG049 Middle Neolithic France 4781 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
GRG050 Middle Neolithic France 5000 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
GRG052 Middle Neolithic France 5000 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
GRG056 Middle Neolithic France 5000 BCE Yonne. Gurgy "Les Noisats", France View
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HBS002 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS006 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS007 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS009 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
LBR001 Early to Middle Neolithic France 4898 BCE Alpes-Maritimes. Les Bréguières, France View
LBR002 Early to Middle Neolithic France 5209 BCE Alpes-Maritimes. Les Bréguières, France View
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OBN003 Middle Neolithic France 4691 BCE Bas-Rhin. Obernai, France View
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PEN003 Early Neolithic France 5479 BCE Alpes-Maritimes. Pendimoun, France View
PRI001 Middle Neolithic France 4342 BCE Deux-Sèvres. Prissé-la-Charrière, France View
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PRI006 Middle Neolithic France 4300 BCE Deux-Sèvres. Prissé-la-Charrière, France View
SCH001 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH007 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH009 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH010 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH011 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH014 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH015 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5298 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH018 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5212 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
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TGM008 Late Neolithic Germany 3335 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Tangermünde, Germany View
TGM009 Late Neolithic Germany 3483 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Tangermünde, Germany View
XN164 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN165 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5296 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN166 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN167 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5310 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN168 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5293 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN169 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5282 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN170 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5209 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN171 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5298 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN172 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5297 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN173 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN174 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 4946 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN175 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5292 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN178 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN180 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5214 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN182 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5214 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN183 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5304 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN188 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5302 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN191 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5316 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN205 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN206 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5288 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN207 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN211 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5212 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN215 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5208 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN224 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5293 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN225 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0797 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Karsdorf, Germany View
I0795 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Karsdorf, Germany View
I0022 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I0026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I0025 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I0054 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5216 BCE Unterwiederstedt, Germany View
I0056 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0100 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2014 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5204 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2020 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2022 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
HBS002 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS006 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS007 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
HBS009 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5250 BCE Saxony-Anhalt. Halberstadt, Germany View
SCH001 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH007 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH009 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH010 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH011 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH014 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH015 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5200 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5298 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SCH018 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5212 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Schwetzingen, Germany View
SMH004 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN164 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN165 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5296 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN166 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN167 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5310 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN168 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5293 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN169 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5282 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN170 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5209 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN171 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5298 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN172 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5297 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN173 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN174 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 4946 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN175 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5292 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN178 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN180 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5214 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN182 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5214 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN183 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5304 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN188 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5302 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN191 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5316 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN205 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN206 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5288 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN207 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN211 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5212 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN215 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5208 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen I, Germany View
XN224 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5293 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
XN225 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5300 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen II, Germany View
I0018 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5307 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
I0046 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0659 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0821 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5205 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1550 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2030 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0048 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2036 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0057 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5215 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2038 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5350 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2032 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2029 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2037 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5210 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2026 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2008 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5211 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2016 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2017 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2021 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I2005 Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5299 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
Stuttgart Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5307 BCE Viesenhaeuser Hof (Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart-Mühlhausen), Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (XN188) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 72%
European Hunter-Gatherers 21%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 8%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (XN188) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 87%
Southern European 87%
Italian 27.1%
Sardinian 23.7%
Iberian 20.9%
Balkan 15.3%
Asia 13%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 7%
Levantine 4.5%
Arabian 2.6%
Northern West Asian 6%
Cypriot 5.8%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample XN188 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

XN188,0.10854994,0.1587515,0.0052538,-0.06007642,0.04466674,-0.02848196,-0.0033913,0.00304562,0.03907016,0.06162378,-0.000804,0.00919008,-0.01559204,-0.01182166,-0.01260932,0.00682474,0.01148584,0.00073256,0.00133694,-0.00166694,0.0009462,0.00558068,-0.0120318,-0.01654334,0.00271095
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers
Authors:
Rivollat M, Jeong C, Schiffels S
Abstract:

Starting from 12,000 years ago in the Middle East, the Neolithic lifestyle spread across Europe via separate continental and Mediterranean routes. Genomes from early European farmers have shown a clear Near Eastern/Anatolian genetic affinity with limited contribution from hunter-gatherers. However, no genomic data are available from modern-day France, where both routes converged, as evidenced by a mosaic cultural pattern. Here, we present genome-wide data from 101 individuals from 12 sites covering today's France and Germany from the Mesolithic (N = 3) to the Neolithic (N = 98) (7000-3000 BCE). Using the genetic substructure observed in European hunter-gatherers, we characterize diverse patterns of admixture in different regions, consistent with both routes of expansion. Early western European farmers show a higher proportion of distinctly western hunter-gatherer ancestry compared to central/southeastern farmers. Our data highlight the complexity of the biological interactions during the Neolithic expansion by revealing major regional variations.

Link:
View Publication
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