A woman buried in Hungary in the Early Neolithic era

I1508
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1508
Date:
5716 BCE - 5565 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
K1-a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Berettyóújfalu-Morotva-Liget
Coordinates:
47.3187, 21.5274
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Neolithic Körös Culture, part of the broader Starčevo-Körös-Criș complex, represents a significant phase in the prehistoric development of Europe and is a critical component of the Neolithic period in the Carpathian Basin. This culture, named after the Körös River in present-day Hungary, flourished approximately between 6000 and 5500 BCE.

Geography and Environment

The Körös Culture primarily occupied the Great Hungarian Plain, an area characterized by its fertile alluvial soils, which arose from the plains and river floodplains surrounding the Danube, Tisza, and Körös Rivers. This landscape provided an ideal environment for early agricultural development, with a climate that supported diverse flora and fauna.

Social Structure and Settlements

The Körös Culture is noted for its small, semi-permanent settlements. These were often located on elevated areas to avoid seasonal flooding, often near water sources which facilitated agriculture and transportation. The social structure of these communities may have been relatively egalitarian, given the lack of evidence for significant hierarchical differentiation within settlements.

Architecture

Archaeological evidence suggests that Körös dwellings were typically rectangular or oval, constructed using a wattle-and-daub technique. The houses were built from wooden frames filled with a combination of mud, clay, and straw, supported by wooden posts. The floors were made of clay, sometimes paved with stones, and the roofs were likely thatched.

Economy and Subsistence

Subsistence was largely based on a mixed economy of agriculture and animal husbandry, which included the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, and lentils. Domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were integral to their economy, providing meat, milk, and other resources. Hunting and fishing supplemented their diet, exploiting local wildlife and aquatic resources.

Pottery and Material Culture

One of the defining features of the Körös Culture is its distinctive pottery, which reflects advanced ceramic techniques for its time. The pottery often features simple, geometric decorations, usually painted in white or red on a dark background. These vessels, primarily made by hand, served utilitarian purposes, but their decorative aspects highlight an appreciation for artistic expression.

The Körös people are also credited with the development and utilization of a variety of stone tools, including chipped and polished implements. Bone and antler tools are also common, reflecting the community's proficiency in using available natural resources.

Art and Symbolism

While not as elaborate as some later Neolithic cultures, Körös artifacts do suggest the presence of symbolic or artistic expression. This can be seen in the form of small clay figurines, which might have had religious or ritualistic significance, representing humans or animals, and potentially used in ceremonies or as household idols.

Burial Practices and Spiritual Life

Our understanding of Körös spiritual life is limited, but burial practices indicate some belief in an afterlife or spiritual system. Burials were typically simple, with the dead interred in shallow graves, often accompanied by small amounts of grave goods such as pottery or tools, suggesting a belief in providing for the deceased in the afterlife.

Legacy and Influence

The Körös Culture played a fundamental role in the spread of Neolithic practices and lifestyles throughout Central Europe. Their innovations in agriculture, architecture, and craftsmanship paved the way for subsequent Neolithic cultures, influencing regions far beyond the Carpathian Basin. As part of the broader Starčevo-Körös-Criș cultural complex, their interactions and exchanges with neighboring cultures contributed to the development of a more interconnected Neolithic Europe.

In conclusion, the Körös Culture represents a crucial period in the Neolithic era, marked by significant advancements in agriculture, technology, and social organization, which laid the foundation for future European societies.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1508 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5716 BCE Berettyóújfalu-Morotva-Liget, Hungary View
I2374 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
I4972 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 6000 BCE Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza, Hungary View
I2794 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5713 BCE Törökszentmiklós. road 4. site 3, Hungary View
I2373 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 6000 BCE Törökszentmiklos Tiszapüspöki Karanycs haromag 3. lh., Hungary View
KO1 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5788 BCE Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza_unknown-site-2 (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County, Tiszafüred), Hungary View
I15073 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5835 BCE Szentpéterszeg-Körtvélyes-2 (Hajdú-Bihar County, Berettyóújfalu), Hungary View
I17931 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5800 BCE Dévaványa-Katonaföldek (Békés County, Gyomaendrőd, D), Hungary View
NEO130 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5974 BCE Dezsk (Csongrád-Csanád County, Szeged), Hungary View
NEO137 Early Neolithic Körös Culture, Hungary 5722 BCE Hödmezövasarhely Kotac (Csongrád-Csanád County, Hódmezővásárhely), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1508) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 100%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1508) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 71%
Southern European 71%
Sardinian 36.2%
Italian 34.8%
Asia 16%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 11%
Levantine 9.9%
Arabian 0.9%
Northern West Asian 5%
Cypriot 5.5%
Africa 13%
North African 13%
North African 10.8%
Egyptian 1.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1508 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1508,0.10009146,0.15745064,-0.00076878,-0.06906164,0.04074992,-0.03320688,-0.00404418,0.00244084,0.04538514,0.054794,0.00124518,0.00500544,-0.00613186,-0.01010792,-0.01130302,0.00885828,0.00497692,0.001513,0.0029246,0.00128502,0.00476214,0.00861158,-0.01268374,-0.01617336,0.00177923
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
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