A man buried in Hungary in the Hunter-Gatherer era

I1507
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1507
Date:
5788 BCE - 5640 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
R1b1*
Y-DNA:
I-FTA37506
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Tiszaszolos-Domaháza
Coordinates:
47.9300, 21.2000
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, located in what is today modern Hungary, represents an intriguing chapter in the broader narrative of the European Neolithic period. It is intricately linked with its neighboring Starčevo and Criş cultures, forming part of the wider Starčevo-Körös-Criş cultural complex that spanned the central and southeastern Europe during the early Neolithic, dating approximately between 6000 and 5500 BCE.

Geography and Environment

The Körös Culture was primarily situated in the fertile floodplains of the Körös River in eastern Hungary, with its influence stretching into parts of present-day Romania and Serbia. This area is characterized by its rich, alluvial soils, ample water supply, and diverse ecosystem, which would have provided an ideal environment for early agricultural practices while still supporting a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Economy and Subsistence

The Körös Culture marks a transitional phase from predominantly hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agricultural communities. While they still relied heavily on hunting game and gathering wild plants, there was a gradual incorporation of farming practices. Archaeological evidence suggests that they cultivated early domesticates such as emmer and einkorn wheat, barley, lentils, and peas.

Animal husbandry also began to take root during this era, with evidence of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. However, the Körös Culture still prominently featured hunting, particularly of deer and wild boar, and fishing, given their proximity to rivers and wetlands.

Settlements and Architecture

Körös settlements were typically small and consisted of semi-permanent structures. These houses were often built using wattle and daub techniques, with wooden frameworks sealed with a mixture of clay, straw, and dung. Settlements were usually located near bodies of water, providing easy access to aquatic resources as well as fertile lands for early agricultural activities.

Material Culture and Tools

The material culture of the Körös people reflects both innovation and continuity with Mesolithic traditions. They produced pottery that, while initially simple, evolved into more complex forms with geometric patterns, indicating increasing skill and aesthetic appreciation. Stone tools from this period include polished stone axes and blades, while bone and antler tools underscore their reliance on hunting.

Social Structure and Cultural Practices

Though detailed social structures of the Körös Culture are not clearly defined due to the paucity of written records and limited archaeological evidence, it is conceivable that they had a relatively egalitarian social organization typical of early Neolithic communities. Social cohesion was likely maintained through kinship ties and shared cultural practices, including ritualistic activities or ceremonies suggested by burial sites and ritual artifacts.

Interaction and Influence

The Körös Culture is significant for its role in the diffusion of Neolithic technologies and practices across Central Europe. There was considerable interaction with neighboring cultures, especially along the Danube River corridor, facilitating the transfer of ideas and techniques such as pottery styles, farming practices, and animal domestication. This interaction helped lay the groundwork for subsequent Central European Neolithic cultures.

Legacy

The Körös Culture represents an essential link in the chain of human development within Europe. It demonstrates the complex interplay between migrating agricultural communities and indigenous hunter-gatherer groups, portraying the Neolithic not as a singular event but as a gradual, multifaceted process that reshaped human societies over millennia.

This period laid crucial foundations for the development of more advanced agrarian societies and the eventual rise of complex societies in Central Europe. The remnants of the Körös Culture provide valuable insights into the adaptability and resilience of human societies during times of significant environmental and cultural change.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1507 Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, Hungary 5788 BCE Tiszaszolos-Domaháza, Hungary View
I4971 Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherer Körös Culture, Hungary 5737 BCE Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1507) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 85%
Neolithic Farmers 8%
European Hunter-Gatherers 6%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1507) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Northwestern European 95%
Scandinavian 68.7%
Finnish 21.8%
English 4.8%
Eastern European 5%
Eastern European 4.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1507 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1507,0.134998,0.12408476,0.0745148,0.06680972,0.04102936,0.03000156,0.00637656,0.01205444,0.00166468,-0.01957084,-0.00437512,-0.00042644,0.00831024,0.00500736,0.00614592,0.00155084,-0.0040236,-0.00077416,0.00187936,0.00083396,0.00450804,-0.00050536,-0.00052316,0.0080914,-0.00011662
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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