A man buried in Hungary in the Middle Neolithic era

I1500
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1500
Date:
5301 BCE - 4940 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
J1c1
Y-DNA:
C-FT251391
Cultural Period:
Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Kompolt-Kigyoser
Coordinates:
47.1670, 20.8330
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (ALPC) in Hungary is an integral part of the broader Neolithic era in Europe, characterized by significant developments in agriculture, social organization, and material culture. This culture, flourishing approximately between 5300 and 4500 BCE, is closely related to the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) but exhibits distinctive regional adaptations and innovations.

Geographical Context and Chronology

The Alföld Linear Pottery Culture is primarily concentrated in the Great Hungarian Plain, also known as the Alföld, which provides a rich agricultural setting with fertile soils and ample water resources from river systems like the Tisza and the Danube. This strategic location facilitated interactions with neighboring cultures and influenced the ALPC's economic and social development.

Subsistence and Economy

One of the hallmarks of the ALPC is the transition from a foraging lifestyle to a sedentary agricultural one. The inhabitants engaged in mixed farming, cultivating cereals such as wheat and barley, and legumes like peas and lentils. They also practiced animal husbandry, raising domesticated animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The combination of plant cultivation and animal breeding provided a stable food supply and encouraged permanent settlements.

Settlements and Architecture

ALPC settlements were typically small, consisting of several longhouses made of timber and wattle-and-daub construction. These structures, sometimes reaching up to 20 meters in length, were arranged in dispersed patterns rather than clustered villages. The settlement patterns reflect a semi-nucleated strategy, possibly designed to exploit diverse ecological zones for farming and grazing.

Material Culture

The material culture of the ALPC is distinguished by its ceramics, which exhibit a high degree of craftsmanship. Pottery from this period is characterized by finely made vessels with incised or impressed linear decorations, hence the name \Linear Pottery." These motifs often include simple geometric shapes, lines, and sometimes representational figures, possibly imbued with symbolic meanings related to social identity or spiritual beliefs.

Additionally, stone tools are prevalent, with a variety of implements crafted from local and imported flint, obsidian, and other stones. These tools were used for a range of purposes, including farming, hunting, and household activities.

Social Structure and Community Life

The ALPC communities likely had a relatively egalitarian social structure, oriented around kinship and communal cooperation in agricultural and domestic tasks. However, the presence of specialized artifacts and regional trading networks suggests emerging social differentiation, with some individuals or groups gaining prestige through control of resources or trade.

The existence of burial sites within settlements indicates ancestral veneration and a connection between the living community and their forebears. Burials often contain grave goods, including pottery and stone tools, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife or the importance of funerary rituals.

Trade and Interaction

The Alföld region’s location facilitated trade and interaction with adjacent cultural groups, which is evident in the spread of stylistic elements and materials across regions. The exchange networks included raw materials like flint and obsidian, as well as finished goods, fostering cultural exchange and technological diffusion.

Legacy and Influence

The ALPC forms a critical link in the Neolithic transition in Central Europe, between the initial spread of farming from the Near East and the subsequent development of complex societies in Europe. Its innovations in agriculture, settlement organization, and ceramics had lasting impacts on succeeding cultures, including the Tiszapolgár and Cucuteni-Trypillian cultures.

In summary, the Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture in Hungary represents a dynamic and transformative period characterized by advancements in agriculture, settlement patterns, and material culture. Its legacy is embedded in the broader narrative of the European Neolithic, highlighting the processes of adaptation and innovation that orchestrated the rise of sedentary agricultural communities."

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1500 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5301 BCE Kompolt-Kigyoser, Hungary View
I1498 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5297 BCE Debrecen Tocopart Erdoalja, Hungary View
I1505 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5210 BCE Polgár-Ferenci hát. M3-31, Hungary View
I2383 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I2384 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5305 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
I4188 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5300 BCE Polgár-Piócás, Hungary View
I3535 Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5217 BCE Hajdúnánás-Eszlári út, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1500) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 89%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 8%
European Hunter-Gatherers 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1500) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Southern European 100%
Balkan 100.0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1500 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1500,0.11065092,0.15993592,0.00790578,-0.05993664,0.04844372,-0.02871778,-0.00313796,0.00336778,0.04113954,0.06510726,-0.00120726,0.01025136,-0.01732696,-0.01237092,-0.01337672,0.00687854,0.01268998,0.00076456,0.00125506,-0.00230026,0.00062542,0.00566278,-0.01209868,-0.01805236,0.00348304
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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