A woman buried in Spain in the Copper Age era

I0408
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0408
Date:
3895 BCE - 3651 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
U5b1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Middle to Late Neolithic Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
La Mina
Coordinates:
41.2522, -2.3262
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle to Late Neolithic period in Iberia, particularly in what is now modern-day Spain, spans approximately from 4500 to 2000 BCE. This era marks significant transformations in the ways societies lived, organized themselves, and interacted with their environment and each other. Here’s an extensive look into the culture and characteristics of Neolithic Spain during this time:

Agricultural Advancements and Settlements:

  1. Agriculture and Domestication:

    • The Middle to Late Neolithic period saw significant advancements in agricultural practices. Communities were predominantly agrarian, growing cereals such as wheat and barley and legumes like lentils and peas, which they rotated to maintain soil fertility. They also domesticated animals like sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle, which provided meat, milk, hides, and labor.
    • The introduction of the plow and improved tools facilitated more efficient farming, which allowed communities to support larger populations.

  2. Permanent Settlements:

    • As agricultural practices improved, people began to establish more permanent settlements, often located in fertile river valleys or coastal regions. These settlements varied in size, with some forming small hamlets and others larger villages.
    • Structures in these communities typically included rectangular or circular houses made of wood, stone, and adobe, with thatched or mud roofs. Some settlements also featured defensive walls or ditches.

  3. Site Complexity:

    • Towards the later Neolithic, some settlements grew into more complex sites with communal buildings and evidence of social stratification. This suggests the beginnings of leadership roles and the organization of labor and resources.

Social and Cultural Developments:

  1. Social Organization:

    • The societal structures were likely kinship-based, but evidence suggests increasing social differentiation as settlements grew. The differentiation in burial practices and grave goods implies that some individuals or groups held higher status within the community.

  2. Ceremonial and Religious Practices:

    • Megalithic structures, such as dolmens, passage graves, and menhirs, became prominent during this period. These served both as burial sites and ceremonial structures, indicating ritual practices tied to death, ancestors, and possibly celestial events.
    • Artifacts such as figurines, pottery with symbolic motifs, and carvings imply the existence of religious or spiritual beliefs. These symbols often revolved around fertility, life cycles, and communal identity.

  3. Artistic Expression:

    • Pottery from this period exhibits more complexity in design, with decorative motifs and increasingly sophisticated techniques. Painted, impressed, and incised decorations became common.
    • Rock art, particularly in cave sites across the Iberian Peninsula, displays scenes of daily life, hunting, and possibly religious or ceremonial depictions. This art provides insight into the symbolic and communicative aspects of Neolithic culture.

Technological and Economic Exchange:

  1. Tool Production:

    • Flint and obsidian were commonly used for making tools such as blades, scrapers, and arrowheads. The late Neolithic saw the introduction of polished stone axes, which improved efficiency in agriculture and woodland clearance.
    • Bone and antler were also used to craft tools, alongside the development of textile production technologies using plant fibers and animal hides.

  2. Trade and Interaction:

    • The Middle to Late Neolithic period witnessed increased exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices between communities. This interaction was facilitated by trading networks that extended across the Iberian Peninsula and into the broader Mediterranean region.
    • Items like obsidian, seashells, pigments, and distinctive pottery styles circulated, suggesting a dynamic network of exchange and communication.

Environmental and Climatic Conditions:

  1. Adaptation to Environment:

    • Neolithic populations effectively adapted to diverse Iberian landscapes, from coastal areas and river valleys to upland regions. This adaptability is reflected in their architecture, resource use, and settlement patterns.
    • The era saw periods of climatic fluctuation, necessitating adjustments in agricultural practices and settlement locations to ensure the sustainability of their communities.

  2. Environmental Impact:

    • The expansion of agriculture and settlement led to deforestation and landscape modifications. The clearing of land for fields and pastures had lasting impacts on the Iberian environment, some of which are still evident today.

In conclusion, the Middle to Late Neolithic era in Spain was a period of profound transformation. The advancements in agriculture, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the development of complex social and ritual structures laid the foundations for the subsequent Bronze Age civilizations on the Iberian Peninsula. This era reflects a shifting focus from the transient lifestyle of earlier hunter-gatherers to more stable, organized, and interdependent communities.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0405 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I0407 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I0408 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3895 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I0406 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
I7549 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7550 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4700 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7600 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4000 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7602 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7603 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7605 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7643 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3952 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7644 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3635 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7646 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3711 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7647 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4045 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7645 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3981 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7547 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7601 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3644 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7606 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I7642 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 2909 BCE Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain View
I7604 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Mandubi Zelaia, Spain View
I10277 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10278 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10280 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10283 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10284 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10285 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10286 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7594 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7597 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4000 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I7598 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3622 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I8567 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Bocairent. La Coveta Emparetà, Spain View
I8568 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3496 BCE Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Bocairent. La Coveta Emparetà, Spain View
I3214 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Asturias. Soto de las Regueras. Cueva de la Paloma, Spain View
I11300 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11301 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11306 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I11305 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I11303 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I8134 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4700 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I11249 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11248 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
ELT002 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3941 BCE Cova de Els Trocs, Spain View
ELT006 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3949 BCE Cova de Els Trocs, Spain View
I10287 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I3273 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3606 BCE Basque Country. Alava. La Chabola de la Hechicera, Spain View
I11304 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7679 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I7595 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I10282 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7160 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4042 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0408) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 76%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 24%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0408) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 96%
Southern European 89%
Iberian 38.7%
Italian 27.6%
Sardinian 23.1%
Northwestern European 7%
Northwestern European 6.9%
Africa 4%
North African 4%
North African 3.7%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0408 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0408,0.12025308,0.16081372,0.02876754,-0.03571738,0.05775792,-0.01828016,-0.00203332,0.00591184,0.03807076,0.06689626,-0.0049563,0.0146372,-0.02607104,-0.0136042,-0.00752476,0.00423496,0.00843982,-0.00046066,-0.00069466,-0.00358182,0.00090126,0.00485498,-0.01206676,-0.0186369,0.00429225
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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