A woman buried in Hungary in the Copper Age era

I1497
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1497
Date:
3320 BCE - 2922 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Apc-Berekalya I
Coordinates:
47.1670, 19.8330
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, which thrived around 3600-2800 BCE in the Carpathian Basin (modern-day Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Czech Republic, and neighboring areas), represents a significant transitional phase between the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Central Europe's prehistoric timeline. This culture is characterized by its advancements in social organization, metallurgy, and trade, reflecting a complex society that continued to build upon the agricultural base established during the Neolithic period.

Archaeological Context

The Baden Culture emerged in the late Chalcolithic period, a time marked by the first significant use of copper alongside stone tools. This era falls within the broader European Chalcolithic or Copper Age, which serves as a bridge between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. The Baden Culture is considered part of the Danubian cultural complex, influenced by the interaction between Eastern European steppe cultures and Central European Neolithic societies.

Settlements and Architecture

Settlements of the Baden Culture were typically located in river valleys and on elevated terrains, reflecting a strategic preference for locations offering fertile land and natural defenses. Villages were composed of small, closely-packed houses, often constructed with wooden frameworks and walls of wattle-and-daub. Some settlements also show evidence of fortifications, indicating a concern for defense and possibly reflecting social tensions or competition for resources.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of the Baden Culture was primarily agrarian, but it showed considerable diversification:

  • Agriculture: The community cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, peas, and lentils. The use of plows and possibly draught animals suggests an advanced level of agricultural practice.
  • Animal Husbandry: They domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Cattle were particularly important, not only for meat and milk but also as draft animals.
  • Hunting and Gathering: While agriculture was central, hunting and gathering supplemented diets. Wild game and fish were part of the Baden diet, reflecting a broad approach to food resources.

Pottery and Material Culture

The material culture of the Baden Culture is renowned for its high-quality pottery, characterized by:

  • Forms and Decoration: Baden pottery includes a variety of forms, such as amphorae, bowls, and beakers, often adorned with incised decoration and complex patterns. The ceramics have a distinctive feel with their black, burnished surfaces and geometric motifs.
  • Symbolism: The motifs on pottery might have held symbolic or religious significance, indicating an advanced aesthetic sense and possibly reflecting social or spiritual beliefs.

Metallurgy

The Baden Culture is notable for its early use of metal, particularly copper:

  • Copper Artifacts: They produced tools and ornamental objects from copper, such as axes, awls, and pins, using techniques like cold hammering and annealing. This represents an important technological leap that anticipated the widespread use of metal in the subsequent Bronze Age.

Trade and Interaction

The position of the Baden Culture facilitated active trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring regions:

  • Trade Networks: Evidence of exotic goods, such as Baltic amber and Mediterranean shells, highlights extensive trade routes. These exchanges not only brought material wealth but also ideas and technologies.
  • Cultural Interactions: Influences from different cultures, such as the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures, are evident, illustrating a dynamic environment where various traditions intersected.

Social Structure and Burial Practices

The social structure of the Baden Culture becomes visible through its burial practices:

  • Burial Rites: Most common is the flat grave burial, with bodies typically oriented in a contracted position, facing east. Grave goods, often found with the deceased, indicate social differentiation based on wealth or status.
  • Mortuary Objects: Items such as pottery, jewelry, and copper tools found in graves suggest not only the status of individuals but also the belief in an afterlife where such possessions might be needed.

Religion and Rituals

Although direct evidence of religious practices in the Baden Culture is limited, several indirect indications suggest the presence of ritualistic activities:

  • Sacred Spaces: Certain settlement layouts and communal buildings may have served religious or ceremonial purposes.
  • Symbolism: The recurring motifs and animal representations on pottery might reflect ritual or mythological beliefs, though their exact meanings remain speculative.

Legacy

The Baden Culture played an essential role in the cultural and technological developments of Central Europe during the late Chalcolithic. It laid foundational stones for subsequent cultural phases, especially as seen with the rise of the Bronze Age. Its advancements in metallurgy and agriculture, combined with rich aesthetic expressions, speak to a society that was both innovative and interconnected, contributing significantly to the prehistoric tapestry of the region. The study of the Baden Culture continues to offer valuable insights into the social transformations and technological progressions during this formative period in European prehistory.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1497 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3320 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
I2368 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3300 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2369 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3370 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2370 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3345 BCE Alsónémedi, Hungary View
I2371 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3361 BCE Alsónémedi, Hungary View
I2752 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3600 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2753 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3333 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2754 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3338 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2755 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3600 BCE Balatonlelle-Felső-Gamász, Hungary View
I2763 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3363 BCE Vörs, Hungary View
I2785 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3600 BCE Vámosgyörk MHAT telep, Hungary View
I2367 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3333 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
I2366 Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3340 BCE Budakalász-Luppa csárda, Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1497) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 73%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 14%
European Hunter-Gatherers 13%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1497) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 90%
Southern European 90%
Italian 38.6%
Sardinian 20.2%
Balkan 17.5%
Iberian 14.0%
Africa 5%
North African 5%
North African 4.5%
Egyptian 0.9%
Asia 4%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 2%
Arabian 2.3%
Northern West Asian 2%
Cypriot 1.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1497 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1497,0.10781898,0.15925586,0.01567608,-0.05307626,0.05315498,-0.02556342,-0.00346706,0.00493604,0.04157256,0.0668133,-0.00187044,0.01148348,-0.01916344,-0.01328074,-0.01212436,0.0056108,0.01391066,-9.974E-05,-0.00121108,-0.0026808,-0.00085592,0.00328492,-0.01070182,-0.0180079,0.00378386
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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