A man buried in Hungary in the Early Neolithic era

I0174
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0174
Date:
5712 BCE - 5531 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
N1a1a1
Y-DNA:
H-FT69183
Cultural Period:
Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep
Coordinates:
46.2086, 18.7000
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Starčevo culture, also known as the Starčevo-Cris culture, represents an important phase in the early Neolithic period in Southeast Europe, dating approximately from 6200 to 5200 BCE. This culture is considered one of the first farming communities in the region and played a significant role in the spread of agriculture across Europe, marking a transition from hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agrarian communities. The Starčevo culture is part of a broader Neolithic phenomenon that includes similar developments in nearby regions such as the Körös and Criș cultures.

Geographical Distribution

The Starčevo culture primarily developed in the areas that are present-day Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia, with sites also appearing in Romania and Slovakia. It is named after the type site at Starčevo, near Belgrade, Serbia, but its influence extended across the Carpathian Basin, particularly in Southern and Central Hungary.

Settlement Patterns

Starčevo settlements were typically situated along river valleys and on fertile plains. These sites were usually small, consisting of a few houses made with wattle and daub, indicating a relatively low population density. The settlements displayed organized spatial arrangements, suggesting a degree of social organization and planning. Archaeological evidence shows that the Starčevo peoples preferred locations that offered both access to water and fertile land suitable for early farming.

Agricultural Practices

The Starčevo culture is characterized by its adoption of agriculture, which included the cultivation of crops such as emmer wheat, barley, lentils, and peas. These early farmers also engaged in animal husbandry, domesticating animals like cattle, pigs, and sheep. This shift to farming would have significantly affected their way of life, allowing for more permanent settlements and the development of surplus food supplies.

Material Culture and Tools

Starčevo material culture is distinguished by its ceramics, which were typically undecorated or simply decorated with incised or impressed motifs. Pottery shapes included bowls, dishes, and storage jars. Stone tools continued to be significant, with polished stone axes and flint implements being commonly found at Starčevo sites. These tools were essential for farming, animal husbandry, and crafting other necessary items for daily life.

Social and Cultural Aspects

The Starčevo culture indicates a transition towards more complex social structures. While not much is known about their societal organization, the spread of similar cultural traits over a wide area suggests some form of communication and interaction between disparate groups. This culture likely had a system of communal living or small family-based clans that cooperated in farming and shared resources.

Religious and Ritual Practices

The Starčevo people might have had spiritual or religious beliefs connected to nature, fertility, and agricultural cycles, as indicated by the occasional presence of figurines and burial practices. However, concrete evidence of specific religious practices is limited, making it difficult to fully understand their spiritual life.

Influence and Legacy

The significance of the Starčevo culture lies in its position at the forefront of the Neolithic revolution in Europe. It represents one of the earliest examples of organized agricultural society on the continent, which set the stage for subsequent cultural developments. The innovations in farming, pottery, and settlement layouts that characterized the Starčevo culture contributed to the foundation upon which later Neolithic cultures in Europe would build.

In summary, the Starčevo culture represents a pivotal moment in European prehistory, marking the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to settled agricultural communities. Its advancements in agriculture, settlement patterns, and material culture had long-lasting impacts, facilitating the spread of the Neolithic lifestyle across Europe.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0174 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5712 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I1876 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5656 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I1878 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5830 BCE Alsonyek-Bataszek. Mérnöki telep, Hungary View
I17927 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5631 BCE Vörs-Màriaasszonysziget (Zala County, Marcali), Hungary View
I29876 Early Neolithic Starčevo Culture 1, Hungary 5700 BCE West of Danube, Siklós-elkerülö út (Siklós-Csukman dülö), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0174) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 77%
European Hunter-Gatherers 20%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0174) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 84%
Southern European 84%
Italian 47.5%
Sardinian 36.2%
Asia 10%
Northern West Asian 10%
Cypriot 10.0%
Africa 6%
North African 6%
North African 6.3%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0174 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0174,0.1066379,0.1591372,0.005235,-0.0635212,0.0461959,-0.0305716,-0.0035065,0.0032046,0.0434835,0.0616744,-0.0002532,0.0083336,-0.0130619,-0.0116763,-0.0125858,0.0076748,0.0096976,0.0010681,0.0019265,-0.0008062,0.0023609,0.0069195,-0.0125245,-0.0175776,0.00281267
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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