A woman buried in Mongolia in the Middle Late Bronze Age era

ULZ001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
ULZ001
Date:
1044 BCE - 917 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
D4b1a2
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District)
Coordinates:
46.0636, 92.0342
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Bronze Age in the Center West region of Mongolia, often characterized within broader Eurasian Steppe cultures, represents a fascinating period marked by significant cultural developments and interactions with neighboring regions. The area of interest, often labeled as \LBA Center West 5" in archaeological discourse, provides insights into the adaptive strategies, social structures, and cultural expressions of the people inhabiting this region during the Late Bronze Age. This period roughly spans from the late second millennium BCE to the early first millennium BCE.

Geographical and Environmental Context:

Mongolia's Center West region is a landscape dominated by vast steppe, mountains, and desert areas, providing diverse habitats that have historically supported nomadic pastoralism. These environments influenced the lifestyles, economic activities, and cultural practices of the Late Bronze Age inhabitants. The harsh climate and seasonal variations necessitated a highly mobile lifestyle, with communities often migrating to utilize different grazing areas for their herds.

Subsistence and Economy:

Economically, the Late Bronze Age communities in this region were primarily pastoralists, relying heavily on livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. The horse, in particular, played a crucial role not only as a source of mobility and transport but also as a symbol of social status and power. Evidence suggests a mixed subsistence strategy that also included hunting and limited agriculture, though the latter was constrained by the region’s climatic conditions.

The development of metallurgy during this period had a profound impact on local economies. The ability to produce bronze tools and weapons marked technological advances that facilitated more efficient herding, hunting, and warfare, which in turn influenced social structures and regional influence.

Social Structure and Political Organization:

The Late Bronze Age societies in Mongolia were organized into tribes or clans, with social hierarchies likely based on kinship, wealth (measured in livestock), and military prowess. The mobility of these groups allowed for flexible political structures, often leading to the formation of confederations or alliances that could unite under strong leaders temporarily, especially during times of warfare or economic necessity.

Archaeological evidence from burials and settlements indicates the presence of social stratification. Elite individuals were often buried with rich grave goods, including weapons, ornaments, and horse gear, suggesting the emergence of warrior elites who played crucial roles in these societies.

Cultural and Religious Practices:

Culturally, the Late Bronze Age in Mongolia's Center West was characterized by rich oral traditions that likely included epic storytelling, music, and ritual performances. These cultural expressions were crucial in maintaining social cohesion and transmitting knowledge and cultural values across generations.

Religious beliefs during this period were probably animistic and shamanistic, with spiritual practices focused on the natural environment and ancestor worship. The construction of megalithic structures such as deer stones and khirigsuurs (circular burial mounds) reflects complex religious and ceremonial practices. These structures, often aligned with celestial events, highlight an advanced understanding of astronomy and its incorporation into ritual activities.

Interactions and Influences:

Mongolia's Center West region was not isolated; it was part of a broader network of cultures across the Eurasian Steppe. The period saw significant cultural exchanges facilitated by trade routes that connected East and West. Goods such as metals, textiles, and pottery, as well as ideas and technologies, flowed through these networks. As a result, the Late Bronze Age cultures in Mongolia absorbed and adapted diverse influences, which is evident in the similarities observed in material culture across the steppe.

Conclusion:

In sum, the Late Bronze Age Center West in Mongolia represents a dynamic cultural milieu characterized by pastoral nomadism, technological advancements in metallurgy, and complex social and religious structures. Despite environmental challenges, these cultures thrived and left a lasting legacy evidenced through archaeological findings that continue to inform our understanding of prehistoric human societies on the Eurasian Steppe."

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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I6362 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I6367 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1259 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Tsengel sum. Biluut 2. barrow 3, Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ULZ001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 35%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 30%
European Hunter-Gatherers 19%
Neolithic Farmers 13%
Ancient Native Americans 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ULZ001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 59%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 43%
Central Asian 43.4%
Northern Asian 11%
Siberian 10.6%
Northern West Asian 5%
Caucasian 5.4%
Europe 37%
Northwestern European 37%
English 37.2%
America 3%
America 3%
Native American 3.5%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample ULZ001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

ULZ001,0.0943227,-0.03975438,0.03210202,0.04489458,-0.03539836,0.00802778,-0.00749792,-0.00790116,-0.00737072,-0.0149616,0.00332464,0.00114132,0.00192194,-0.0141429,0.00149948,0.00205128,-0.00118512,0.00056838,-0.00137164,-0.00352252,-0.00162562,-0.0001025,-0.00187272,0.00304712,0.00080191
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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