A woman buried in Mongolia in the Iron Age era

TAV006
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
TAV006
Date:
200 BCE - 1500 CE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
HV2a2
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Medieval Xiongnu
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi
Coordinates:
45.3572, 113.1421
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Medieval period in the context of the Xiongnu and the broader nomadic steppe cultures of Mongolia, including the region of Sukhbaatar, presents a fascinating era marked by a complex interplay of cultural continuity and external influences. This period is characterized by the persistence of nomadic lifestyles and the integration of various cultural and technological innovations due to interactions with neighboring civilizations.

Historical Context

The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic tribes that inhabited the Central Asian steppes, emerging as a powerful entity around the 3rd century BCE. While the Xiongnu as an organized polity declined by the early centuries CE, their influences persisted in the region, echoing through subsequent cultures that occupied the steppes. By the Late Medieval period, the legacy of the Xiongnu was interwoven with other steppe cultures such as the Mongols, who rose to prominence under Genghis Khan in the 13th century.

Sociopolitical Structure

The Late Medieval steppe cultures, inheriting the Xiongnu's legacy, maintained a tribal and clan-based societal structure. They were predominantly pastoralists, relying on the mobility of their herds and equestrian skills, which were essential for their survival and economic prosperity. These societies were organized into loose confederations led by khans or tribal leaders, whose power was often rooted in both political acumen and military prowess.

The governance systems were fluid, with power dynamics frequently shifting due to inter-tribal alliances and conflicts. The concept of meritocracy was prevalent, where leaders gained authority based on their ability to lead and conquer rather than purely hereditary succession. This flexibility facilitated the emergence of formidable leaders capable of uniting disparate tribes.

Culture and Lifestyle

The culture of Late Medieval steppe societies was deeply tied to their environment. Nomads lived in felt-covered yurts, which were easy to dismantle and transport, suiting their itinerant lifestyles. These structures were not only practical but also richly adorned, reflecting the artistic expressions and cosmological beliefs of the people.

Social life was centered around clan and family units, with a strong emphasis on communal living and shared responsibilities. Storytelling, music, and oral traditions played a crucial role in preserving history and cultural values. Epic tales and songs narrated heroic deeds and moral lessons integral to the community’s identity.

Economy and Trade

The economy of the Late Medieval nomadic cultures was primarily based on livestock - horses, sheep, goats, and cattle formed the backbone of their livelihood. Trade played a significant role in their economy, evolving as a means to acquire goods not readily available in the steppes, such as silk, spices, and other luxury items from China and other settled societies.

Nomadic traders were instrumental in linking the East and West, facilitating cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. These interactions introduced new technologies, such as metallurgy and advanced weaponry, to the steppe cultures, enriching their material culture and military capabilities.

Religion and Beliefs

Religiously, the steppe nomads followed a shamanistic belief system that revolved around animism and the worship of Tengri, the sky god. Shamanism involved rituals and ceremonies believed to mediate between the human and spiritual worlds. This spiritual framework influenced every aspect of life, from societal customs to warfare tactics.

As time progressed, Buddhism gained a foothold, further modifying their spiritual landscape. The syncretism of shamanistic practices with Buddhist principles created a unique spiritual milieu that reflected a blend of indigenous beliefs and foreign influences.

Military and Warfare

Military capabilities were central to the steppe nomad success, characterized by highly mobile cavalry forces that capitalized on their unparalleled equestrian skills. Mastery in archery, particularly the use of the composite bow, gave them a tactical advantage over more sedentary armies.

Warfare was not just a means of territorial expansion but also crucial for defending pastures and trade routes. Alliances were often tested through conflicts, with successful campaigns leading to increased prestige and wealth for victorious tribes.

Conclusion

The Late Medieval era of Xiongnu and broader nomadic steppe cultures showcases a fascinating tapestry of resilience, adaptation, and cultural fusion. Despite their itinerant ways, these societies displayed remarkable stability, sustaining vibrant communities for centuries. Through strategic alliances, trade, and cultural exchanges, the nomadic tribes of Mongolia not only endured but thrived amidst the changing tides of history.

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CHN010 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 89 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
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DOL001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Khanan Uul, Mongolia View
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EME002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Emeel Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ERD001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Erdene Mountain, Mongolia View
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FNO001 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 5995 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO003 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 6000 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
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IMA006 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 51 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA007 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA008 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
JAG001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 197 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
KGK001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khirgest Khooloi, Mongolia View
KHI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1104 BCE Khovd. Khoit Tsenkher. Tarvagatain Am, Mongolia View
KHL001 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Khalzan Khoshuu. Bodonch Gol, Mongolia View
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KNU001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khanui, Mongolia View
KRN001 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Karnikovyn Am, Mongolia View
KRN002 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Karnikovyn Am, Mongolia View
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MRI001 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Mori Baridag, Mongolia View
NAI001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
NAI002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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OLN001 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN002 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN003 Early Medieval Mongolia 772 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN004 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN005 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN009 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN010 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN011 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN012 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
RAH001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Rahsaan Khad, Mongolia View
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
SBG001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1442 BCE Khovd. Shar Gobi-3. Shar gov' 3, Mongolia View
SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SHG001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG002 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG003 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHR001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Shar Khad, Mongolia View
SHT001 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3320 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHT002 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3316 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHU001 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1107 BCE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SHU002 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1175 CE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SKT001 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SOL001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Solbi Uul, Mongolia View
SON001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 200 BCE Tuv. Songino Khairkhan, Mongolia View
SOU001 Pre-Bronze Age Dornod, Mongolia 4684 BCE Dornod. South bank of Kherlen River, Mongolia View
TAH002 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor II, Mongolia View
TAK001 Xiongnu Period Khovd, Mongolia 200 BCE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor I, Mongolia View
TAV001 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
ULI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1278 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
TAV001 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (TAV006) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 76%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 14%
Neolithic Farmers 5%
Ancient Native Americans 3%
European Hunter-Gatherers 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (TAV006) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 88%
Northern Asian 28%
Siberian 24.0%
Mongolian 3.7%
Japanese & Korean 25%
Japanese 24.6%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 20%
Chinese 17.2%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 2.6%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 9%
Central Asian 8.9%
Northern West Asian 7%
Caucasian 6.6%
Europe 8%
Northwestern European 5%
Scandinavian 5.1%
Southern European 2%
Sardinian 2.4%
America 5%
America 5%
Native American 4.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample TAV006 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

TAV006,0.05769728,-0.25871538,0.02932554,-0.01645438,0.01435714,0.00800274,0.00227338,0.00267068,-0.01030546,-0.00787078,-0.0118941,-0.00683352,0.00895744,-0.02067602,-0.00582396,0.00024248,-0.00144858,0.00066858,0.0024622,-0.00356234,0.001192,0.01053372,0.01610856,-0.0005711,-0.00194454
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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