A woman buried in Russia in the Iron Age era

IMA002
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
IMA002
Date:
200 BCE - 100 CE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
D4j5a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad
Coordinates:
50.4974, 106.4055
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Xiongnu period in Buryatia, located in present-day Russia, represents an intriguing segment of history characterized by the influence of the Xiongnu Empire, a confederation of nomadic peoples that emerged around the 3rd century BCE. The Xiongnu Empire, often regarded as one of the first great nomadic empires of Central Asia, had a significant impact on the regions it encompassed, including Buryatia, which lies to the north of Mongolia and Lake Baikal.

Geographic and Environmental Context

Buryatia is a region of diverse landscapes including vast steppes, dense forests, and mountainous terrain. During the Xiongnu period, this geographic diversity would have supported a range of economic activities, primarily revolving around pastoralism. The rich resources of the taiga and the steppe provided the Xiongnu with game, fish, and pastureland for their herds of horses, sheep, and cattle, which were central to their nomadic way of life.

Sociopolitical Structure

The Xiongnu were known for their complex sociopolitical structures, which were likely implemented in Buryatia as well. They organized themselves into a confederation of tribes, each led by a chieftain, with a supreme leader known as the Chanyu. This hierarchical structure allowed for efficient governance over vast territories. The Xiongnu society was clan-based and tribal, where kinship and allegiance held significant importance.

Culture and Lifestyle

The lifestyle of the Xiongnu in Buryatia would have been typical of nomadic pastoralists. They lived in portable dwellings, such as yurts, which allowed them to move easily in search of grazing land. The Xiongnu were skilled horsemen and archers, with both skills integral to their military prowess and day-to-day survival. Their diet likely consisted of dairy products, meat, and grains, which they obtained through both pastoral means and limited agriculture.

Artistic and Craft Practices

Xiongnu culture in Buryatia likely included a rich tradition of metalworking and craftsmanship, as evidenced by archaeological finds across the Xiongnu territories. Artifacts such as weapons, jewelry, and decorative items often illustrate a high level of skill and aesthetic sensibility. The Xiongnu were known for their ability to work with bronze, gold, and other metals, creating intricate designs often featuring animal motifs, which held symbolic significance in their spirituality and mythology.

Religion and Beliefs

The religious beliefs of the Xiongnu were presumably shamanistic and animistic, centered around the worship of natural elements and animal spirits. The spiritual practices in Buryatia during this period would have included rituals to appease these spirits, conducted by shamans who held a vital role in the community as mediators between the physical and spiritual worlds.

Interactions with Neighboring Cultures

The Xiongnu in Buryatia would have been part of a broader network of interactions across Central and East Asia. They engaged in both warfare and trade with neighboring cultures, including the Han Chinese to the south. These interactions could have brought foreign goods and ideas into Buryatia, influencing local culture to some degree. The “silk roads,” a network of trade routes traversing the region, facilitated the exchange of not only goods but also cultural and technological innovations.

Influence and Legacy

The legacy of the Xiongnu in Buryatia is discernible in the archaeological record and in cultural imprints that have carried through to later periods. They left behind burial mounds, known as kurgans, which contained rich grave goods that provide insight into their societal structure, beliefs, and way of life. The influence of Xiongnu culture is considered to have lasting impacts on the nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe, including the Huns and Mongols in later centuries.

In conclusion, the Xiongnu period in Buryatia was marked by a robust nomadic lifestyle underpinned by a dynamic socio-political structure and rich cultural traditions. The blending of local practices with influences from concurrent civilizations highlights the Xiongnu’s role in the cultural and historical tapestry of the region.

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IMA006 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 51 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA007 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA008 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
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OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
RAH001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Rahsaan Khad, Mongolia View
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
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SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
ULI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1278 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
IMA001 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA002 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA003 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 174 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA004 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA005 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 169 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA006 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 51 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA007 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA008 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (IMA002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 96%
Ancient Native Americans 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (IMA002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 99%
Northern Asian 84%
Siberian 51.6%
Mongolian 32.2%
Japanese & Korean 8%
Japanese 7.7%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 6%
Chinese 6.2%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 1%
Central Asian 1.0%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 1.2%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample IMA002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

IMA002,0.03880322,-0.40967222,0.11217704,-0.02080992,-0.09580396,-0.05876658,0.02112626,0.02742642,0.01629026,0.01495238,0.02107426,0.00413644,-0.00418244,-0.00102506,-0.01298324,-0.01849442,-0.00689138,0.01365654,0.02230832,0.01105494,0.0275598,-0.02963246,0.00345274,0.0041764,0.01367678
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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