A man buried in Mongolia in the Early Iron Age era

CHN010
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
CHN010
Date:
89 BCE - 60 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
D4j12
Y-DNA:
C-Y11606
Cultural Period:
Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery
Coordinates:
49.9971, 92.0540
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The region of Uvs in present-day northwestern Mongolia is a fascinating area with a rich tapestry of historical and cultural developments, especially during the Early Iron Age, the ascendance of the Xiongnu Empire, and into the Late Medieval period. This region, part of the vast Eurasian Steppe, has been a crucial crossroads for various nomadic tribes and cultures. Below is an extensive and detailed description of these periods and the corresponding cultural dynamics.

Early Iron Age (circa 1st millennium BCE)

Environment and Lifestyle

During the Early Iron Age, the Uvs region was home to various nomadic tribes who thrived in the steppes, valleys, and surrounding mountains. The environment, characterized by its harsh winters and temperate summers, was suitable for pastoralism, which became the primary livelihood. The tribes were predominantly nomadic herders, managing livestock like horses, sheep, goats, and cattle. This nomadic lifestyle necessitated a high degree of mobility, as tribes moved with the seasons to ensure adequate grazing for their animals.

Technological and Cultural Developments

The Early Iron Age marked significant technological advances, particularly in metalworking. The introduction and development of iron tools and weapons revolutionized various aspects of life—from agriculture and hunting to warfare. This period saw the creation of more efficient farming implements, which supported a semi-nomadic agricultural lifestyle in certain areas with arable land.

Culturally, the Early Iron Age was characterized by intricate art and craftsmanship, evident in artifacts such as pottery, jewelry, and metal ornaments found in burial sites. The Scythian-Siberian animal style, noted for its depiction of dynamic animal motifs, was prevalent among these early cultures, reflecting their deep connection with nature and spiritual beliefs.

Xiongnu Empire (circa 3rd century BCE to 1st century CE)

Rise of the Xiongnu

The Xiongnu Empire emerged as one of the first major nomadic empires in the region, exerting considerable influence across the Mongolian steppes and beyond. By the late 3rd century BCE, the Xiongnu had unified various tribes under a centralized command led by the Shanyu, their supreme leader. This political and military consolidation helped them become a dominant power, often in conflict with the Han Dynasty of China.

Societal Structure

The Xiongnu society was hierarchically structured, with nobility and a warrior class at the top, followed by common herders and craftspeople. Their social organization facilitated efficient management of resources, military operations, and diplomatic engagements. The empire’s military prowess was particularly notable for its skilled cavalry units, adept at swift and strategic maneuvers across the steppes.

Cultural Exchanges and Trade

As a powerful entity, the Xiongnu engaged in extensive trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring civilizations, including the Han Chinese, Sogdians, and other Central Asian cultures. The Silk Road, which passed through their territory, facilitated this exchange, bringing goods, ideas, and technologies, such as silk, textiles, metallurgy, and agricultural innovations.

Late Medieval Uvs (circa 13th to 16th century)

Mongol Empire and Successor States

The Late Medieval period in Uvs was heavily influenced by the rise and expansion of the Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. The Mongol conquests further unified the steppe cultures and expanded their influence across continents. After the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire, the region saw the emergence of smaller successor khanates and tribes, including the Oirats and the Dzungars.

Cultural and Religious Developments

This period saw an increased syncretism in cultural and religious practices. While traditional shamanistic beliefs persisted, Tibetan Buddhism started gaining prominence, introduced through interactions with Tibet and Buddhist monks traveling along trade routes.

Society and Economy

By the Late Medieval period, Uvs had developed a more complex socio-political structure, with more permanent settlements alongside traditional nomadic practices. The economy continued to rely heavily on animal husbandry, but trade, facilitated by the residual networks of the Silk Road, enriched the region's cultural and material wealth.

Artistic and Intellectual Growth

Art and architecture flourished under the influence of the broader Mongol Empire and their successors. This era saw the production of religious texts, improvements in literacy among the nobility, and the construction of monasteries, stupas, and other religious monuments.

Conclusion

Throughout these eras, Uvs in Mongolia remained a dynamic center of nomadic culture, adapting to technological advancements, engaging in significant political and military enterprises, and cultivating complex societal systems. The strategic location of Uvs as part of the nomadic steppe corridor allowed for continuous cultural and material exchanges that shaped its historical legacy, which continues to be a subject of interest for historians and archaeologists today.

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CHN003 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 384 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
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CHN006 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN007 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN008 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN010 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 89 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN012 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
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JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
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OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
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ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
CHN001 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 356 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN003 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 384 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN004 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN006 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN007 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN008 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN010 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 89 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN012 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN014 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 1323 CE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN015 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN016 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (CHN010) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 88%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 7%
European Hunter-Gatherers 3%
Ancient Native Americans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (CHN010) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 97%
Northern Asian 54%
Siberian 28.6%
Mongolian 25.0%
Japanese & Korean 17%
Japanese 17.2%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 16%
Chinese 10.8%
Tibetan 3.8%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 0.9%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 11%
Central Asian 10.6%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 1.4%
Africa 1%
African Hunter-Gatherer 1%
African Hunter-Gatherer 0.8%
Oceania 1%
Melanesian 1%
Papuan 0.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample CHN010 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

CHN010,0.04084148,-0.37832342,0.06621026,-0.0216324,-0.0466705,-0.02377736,0.00811428,0.01089332,0.00276374,0.00712204,-0.0161277,-0.00480012,0.00509318,-0.00792052,-0.00903752,-0.00674472,-0.005727,0.0021879,0.01142512,0.00878936,0.00039378,-0.00974068,-0.00090792,0.00448454,0.00524672
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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