A man buried in Mongolia in the Early Iron Age era

SHU001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
SHU001
Date:
1107 BCE - 902 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
G2b2*
Y-DNA:
Q-FT9308
Cultural Period:
Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain
Coordinates:
46.9110, 102.7708
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The region of Uvurkhangai in Mongolia has been a significant center of nomadic culture from the Early Iron Age to the Late Medieval period. This region, part of the larger Central Asian steppes, has witnessed the dynamic ebb and flow of various nomadic tribes and empires that have greatly influenced the cultural and historical development of this vast area.

Early Iron Age (circa 700 BCE - circa 300 CE):

The Early Iron Age in Uvurkhangai marks a period of significant technological advancement and cultural development. The introduction and mastery of iron-working technology allowed the nomadic tribes to develop more effective tools and weapons, which greatly influenced their societal structures and economic systems.

  1. Scythian Influence: During this period, the Scythians, a nomadic group known for their mastery of horse-riding and warfare, were prominent. Their influence can be seen in the burial mounds (kurgans) scattered across the region, which hold rich archaeological treasures such as weaponry, jewelry, and horse tack, often highly decorated with the iconic Scythian animal motifs.

  2. Pastoral Nomadism: The economy was predominantly based on pastoral nomadism. Herds of horses, sheep, goats, and cattle were the primary source of sustenance, and the mobility of these communities was well-suited to the expansive grassy plains of Mongolia. Seasonal migrations were essential to this lifestyle, allowing the tribes to make optimal use of the diverse ecosystems available in different parts of the region.

  3. Cultural Artifacts: Artifacts from this era often include expertly crafted metalworks and textiles that highlight the nomadic groups' artistic capabilities and their connections through trade with neighboring cultures such as those in China.

Early Medieval Period (circa 300 CE - circa 1200 CE):

This era saw the rise and fall of several powerful nomadic empires that would come to dominate Central Asia and beyond.

  1. Xiongnu and Xianbei: Early in this period, the Xiongnu and Xianbei tribes were significant. They were among the first to unify multiple tribes under a centralized leadership, setting a precedent for future confederations.

  2. Rouran and Turkic Khaganates: Following the decline of the Xiongnu, the Rouran Khaganate emerged, which was later succeeded by the Göktürks. These empires established extensive trade networks across Central Asia, facilitating cultural exchanges and the spread of goods such as silk, spices, and precious metals.

  3. Runic Inscriptions: The Orkhon Valley, part of present-day Uvurkhangai, became an important cultural and political center. This area is notable for its runic inscriptions, such as those on the Orkhon Inscriptions, which provide insight into the political history and social structure of the Göktürks.

Late Medieval Period (circa 1200 CE - circa 1500 CE):

The Late Medieval period is characterized by the unification of the Mongol tribes under Genghis Khan and the subsequent expansion of the Mongol Empire, one of the largest contiguous empires in history.

  1. Mongol Empire: Under Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire expanded rapidly, leveraging superior military tactics, including the use of fast-moving cavalry and effective communication strategies. The unification of the Mongol tribes led to increased stability and prosperity in the region.

  2. Cultural Renaissance: The Pax Mongolica, a period of relative peace under Mongol rule, facilitated trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia. Scholars, artisans, and merchants traveled along the Silk Road, bringing diverse cultural influences into Mongolia, including from the Middle East, Persia, and East Asia.

  3. Yuan Dynasty Influence: The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in China under Kublai Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan, further integrated Mongolian culture into the broader context of Asian history. Significant advances were made in areas like astronomy, medicine, and technology during this period.

  4. Religious Syncretism: This era saw the introduction and spread of various religions, including Tibetan Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam, which were generally tolerated and sometimes patronized by the Mongol rulers.

Legacy and Impact:

The continuous movement and interactions of nomadic tribes throughout these periods led to a rich tapestry of cultural practices that are still evident in modern Mongolian society. The nomadic traditions, emphasis on equestrian skills, and the adaptation to harsh environmental conditions continue to shape the identity and lifestyle of the people in Uvurkhangai and across Mongolia. The archaeological sites and historical records from this era provide invaluable insight into the complex social dynamics, technological advancements, and cultural exchanges that have shaped Central Asia over millennia.

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JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
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OLN001 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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OLN005 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN009 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN010 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN011 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN012 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
RAH001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Rahsaan Khad, Mongolia View
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
SBG001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1442 BCE Khovd. Shar Gobi-3. Shar gov' 3, Mongolia View
SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SHG001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG002 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
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SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
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ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
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ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
SHU001 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1107 BCE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SHU002 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1175 CE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (SHU001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 100%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (SHU001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 92%
Northern Asian 66%
Mongolian 36.9%
Siberian 29.2%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 17%
Chinese 8.8%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 8.2%
Japanese & Korean 9%
Japanese 8.7%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 0%
America 6%
America 6%
Native American 6.1%
Oceania 2%
Melanesian 2%
Papuan 1.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample SHU001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

SHU001,0.0296822,-0.43083512,0.08779798,-0.03223452,-0.06987398,-0.0463774,0.0155332,0.01815504,0.01134132,0.01306304,-0.00438254,0.0014342,0.00018462,0.00202894,-0.01207168,-0.01399814,-0.0067769,0.010301,0.0177392,0.01011998,0.02034738,-0.02246252,0.00010518,0.00360792,0.01325165
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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