A woman buried in Mongolia in the Iron Age era

ATS001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
ATS001
Date:
23 CE - 121 CE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
C4a1a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Tuv. Atsyn Am
Coordinates:
48.8679, 105.8999
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Xiongnu, an ancient confederation of nomadic tribes, played a significant role in the history of Mongolia and the broader Eurasian steppe region from around the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. The Xiongnu are particularly noted for their interactions with the Chinese Han dynasty, which recorded much about their culture and way of life. The Xiongnu period in Tuv, Mongolia, offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of nomadic steppe cultures that thrived in the harsh, yet bountiful landscapes of Central Asia.

Geography and Environment

The Tuv province of Mongolia, being part of the Mongolian Plateau, offers a mix of rolling steppes, mountains, and river valleys. This landscape was ideal for the Xiongnu, who were masters of horseback riding and relied heavily on mobility for their subsistence and defense. The climate, characterized by cold winters and short, warm summers, significantly influenced the nomadic lifestyle, as it dictated the patterns of migration and the pastoral activities of the Xiongnu.

Society and Culture

The Xiongnu society was hierarchically organized under a supreme chieftain, known as the Chanyu. This position was akin to a king or emperor and was pivotal in uniting the various tribes under a central authority. The Chanyu wielded considerable power, managing both internal affairs and foreign diplomacy.

Xiongnu culture was deeply entrenched in nomadism, which shaped their social structures, economic practices, and cultural expressions. They were adept horsemen and archers, with their lifestyle revolving around pastoralism—primarily the herding of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. This reliance on livestock also influenced their diet, clothing, and trade practices.

Economy and Trade

The economy of the Xiongnu was mixed, involving pastoralism supplemented by hunting, foraging, and limited agriculture. However, trade was a crucial component of their economy, with the Xiongnu engaging in exchange with settled civilizations, most notably Han China. They traded horses, animal hides, and other steppe products for Chinese silk, grains, and finished goods.

Their strategic location on the steppes also meant they could control and influence sections of the Silk Road, acting as intermediaries between East and West. This not only brought wealth but also facilitated cultural exchanges.

Warfare and Diplomacy

The Xiongnu were skilled warriors, with their military strength lying in their cavalry, capable of swift and brutal raids. This prowess was not only a means of subsistence through plunder but also a tool for establishing dominance over other nomadic tribes and for exerting pressure on neighboring settled empires.

Relations with China were complex, characterized by a cycle of warfare, treaties, and tribute systems. The Great Wall of China was constructed, in part, to defend against Xiongnu incursions. However, periods of peace often saw intermarriages and diplomacy, with Chinese princesses being married off to Xiongnu leaders to solidify alliances.

Religion and Beliefs

The Xiongnu likely held animistic beliefs, with a spiritual connection to the natural world. Rituals and offerings were central to their spiritual practices, aimed at appeasing deities and spirits of the ancestors and ensuring the prosperity of their people and herds.

Archaeological Evidence

Archaeological findings in Tuv, Mongolia, have provided insight into Xiongnu life. Burial sites, often elaborate kurgans, reveal details about their social hierarchy and beliefs in an afterlife. Artifacts such as weapons, pottery, and jewelry found in these gravespoint to a rich material culture and connections with other nomadic and sedentary societies.

Legacy

The Xiongnu confederation eventually declined, partly due to internal strife and pressure from external forces, including the expanded reach of the Han military. However, they laid the groundwork for successive nomadic empires in the region, influencing groups such as the Mongols and the Huns. The legacy of the Xiongnu is evident in the enduring nomadic traditions and cultural practices of Mongolia and the greater steppe region to this day.

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EME002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Emeel Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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IMA006 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 51 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA007 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA008 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
JAG001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 197 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
KGK001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khirgest Khooloi, Mongolia View
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KHL001 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Khalzan Khoshuu. Bodonch Gol, Mongolia View
KHN001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
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KNU001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khanui, Mongolia View
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MRI001 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Mori Baridag, Mongolia View
NAI001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
NAI002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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OLN001 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN002 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN003 Early Medieval Mongolia 772 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN004 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN005 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN009 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN010 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN011 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN012 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
RAH001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Rahsaan Khad, Mongolia View
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
SBG001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1442 BCE Khovd. Shar Gobi-3. Shar gov' 3, Mongolia View
SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SHG001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG002 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG003 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHR001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Shar Khad, Mongolia View
SHT001 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3320 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHT002 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3316 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHU001 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1107 BCE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SHU002 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1175 CE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SKT001 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SOL001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Solbi Uul, Mongolia View
SON001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 200 BCE Tuv. Songino Khairkhan, Mongolia View
SOU001 Pre-Bronze Age Dornod, Mongolia 4684 BCE Dornod. South bank of Kherlen River, Mongolia View
TAH002 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor II, Mongolia View
TAK001 Xiongnu Period Khovd, Mongolia 200 BCE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor I, Mongolia View
TAV001 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
ULI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1278 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
ATS001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 23 CE Tuv. Atsyn Am, Mongolia View
SON001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 200 BCE Tuv. Songino Khairkhan, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ATS001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 97%
Neolithic Farmers 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ATS001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 100%
Northern Asian 54%
Siberian 29.0%
Mongolian 25.4%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 29%
Chinese 23.6%
Tibetan 5.6%
Japanese & Korean 15%
Japanese 15.4%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 1%
Central Asian 0.8%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample ATS001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

ATS001,0.03275984,-0.43074662,0.06045046,-0.0420799,-0.0339608,-0.0246744,0.01233524,0.01580244,0.00288278,0.01094016,-0.02970076,-0.0044537,0.00671036,-0.00265476,-0.01212766,-0.00376854,-0.0038847,0.00187128,0.01256446,0.0087902,0.0126316,-0.01329472,-0.0024203,0.00405916,0.00602611
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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