A man buried in Mongolia in the Middle Late Bronze Age era

UAA001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
UAA001
Date:
1876 BCE - 1690 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H15b1
Y-DNA:
N-Y6503
Cultural Period:
Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District)
Coordinates:
47.0474, 91.8396
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Bronze Age period in Mongolia, specifically the Munkhkhairkhan culture of the Eurasian Steppe, represents a fascinating era marked by complex social dynamics, evolving technological advancements, and extensive interplay among various cultural groups inhabiting the region. During this time, roughly dating from around 2000 to 1500 BCE, the inhabitants of Mongolia and the surrounding steppe areas were largely pastoral communities whose livelihoods depended on herding and managing livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle, and horses.

Geographical Setting

The Eurasian Steppe is a vast expanse of grassland stretching from Eastern Europe through Central Asia to Mongolia and northern China. Within this context, Munkhkhairkhan is located in western Mongolia, characterized by its rugged landscapes, mountain ranges, open steppe, and semi-arid climate. This environment played a critical role in shaping the culture and lifestyle of its inhabitants.

Social Structure and Lifestyle

The Middle Bronze Age societies in Mongolia were predominantly nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists. The people of Munkhkhairkhan likely organized themselves into tribal groups or clans, with social structures grounded in kinship and familial ties. Mobility was a key component of their lifestyle, dictated by the need to find fresh pastures for grazing and sources of water.

The concept of wealth was intricately linked to the size and health of one's herd, which not only provided sustenance but also defined social class and power within these communities. Settlements, when established, were typically temporary and constructed from light materials that could be easily dismantled.

Economy and Trade

Economic activities of this era involved herding, with a primary emphasis on sheep and goats which were able to thrive in the variable climate. From these animals, communities obtained wool, meat, and milk products, which formed the staple of their diet and clothing needs.

Trade also played a significant role, facilitated by the extensive network across the steppe. The Munkhkhairkhan culture likely engaged in exchanging goods such as furs, livestock, and crafted items with neighboring groups, contributing to a wider cultural exchange across the region. This proto-silk-road would eventually pave the way for more formal trade routes in the succeeding centuries.

Technological Developments

Technological advancements during this era were significant. The Middle Bronze Age saw improvements in metalworking techniques, particularly with bronze, which was used for creating tools, weapons, and ornaments. This era marked the increased refinement of metal smelting processes, which was critical for producing more durable and effective implements.

Horse-riding is believed to have gradually integrated into the cultural fabric of the Munkhkhairkhan people, as horses provided a strategic advantage in terms of mobility and herding efficiency. Additionally, they started using chariots, enhancing their capabilities in both warfare and transport.

Cultural and Religious Practices

Cultural life in the Middle Bronze Age is less documented and requires inferential understanding based on archaeological finds. Burial sites, often featuring kurgans (large burial mounds), provide insight into the rituals and beliefs of the time. These sites suggest a belief in an afterlife, with graves containing items such as food offerings, weapons, and personal adornments indicating a culture of respect and honor for the deceased.

Petroglyphs and rock carvings discovered in areas like Munkhkhairkhan may provide clues about the cosmological beliefs and artistic expressions of these ancient people. Animal motifs often depicted in these petroglyphs suggest a deep spiritual or symbolic connection to the wildlife and domestic animals that were central to their survival and culture.

Interactions with Other Cultures

The Munkhkhairkhan culture existed during a time of significant movement and interaction between various cultural groups across the Eurasian Steppe. This period likely saw exchanges not only of goods but also of ideas, leading to a mingling of religious practices, technological innovations, and cultural traditions.

The Middle Bronze Age marked a significant era in the Eurasian Steppe region, balancing between traditional pastoral life and emerging complexities of social and technological innovations. Munkhkhairkhan, as part of this broader context, illustrates the adaptability and resilience of human societies in one of the world's most challenging and dynamic landscapes.

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TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I13173 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UAA001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 57%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 22%
Neolithic Farmers 15%
Ancient Native Americans 6%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UAA001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 79%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 36%
Pakistan 23.5%
Central Asian 12.2%
Northern Asian 30%
Siberian 24.7%
Mongolian 5.7%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 13%
Tibetan 13.0%
Europe 11%
Northwestern European 10%
Finnish 10.2%
Eastern European 0%
America 8%
America 8%
Native American 8.3%
Oceania 2%
Melanesian 2%
Papuan 1.8%
Africa 0%
Congolese & Southern East African 0%
Northern East African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample UAA001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

UAA001,0.06723358,-0.18484548,0.02843708,0.02934566,-0.05747406,-0.00127616,-0.01768366,-0.02056552,-0.00716822,-0.00980274,-0.00117814,-0.00086056,0.00282968,-0.00704516,-0.00303332,-0.00051064,0.00030876,0.0037326,0.00165,-0.00080242,-0.00188736,-0.00343978,-0.00174228,-0.00144758,0.00117161
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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