A woman buried in Mongolia in the Early Bronze Age era

KUM001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
KUM001
Date:
3012 BCE - 2875 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
A
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District)
Coordinates:
49.3000, 88.8300
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1 culture, located in the region of modern-day Mongolia and the Eurasian Steppe, represents a fascinating era characterized by significant developments in social structure, economy, and technology. This cultural phase lies within a broader continuum of Bronze Age developments across Central Asia, reflecting unique adaptations to the challenging environments of the steppe.

Geographical and Environmental Context

Ulgii 1 culture emerged in the landscapes of northern Mongolia, a region defined by its rugged terrain, vast grasslands, and harsh climatic conditions. The area is bordered by the Altai Mountains and includes a network of rivers and seasonal lakes. These natural features provided both opportunities and challenges, influencing the lifestyle and survival strategies of its inhabitants.

Economy and Subsistence

The people of Ulgii 1 were predominantly pastoralists, relying heavily on animal husbandry as their primary economic activity. The domestication of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats was central to their way of life, providing food, clothing, and materials for trade and tool-making. This era marks a significant period in the history of horse domestication, which would later play a crucial role in the mobility and expansion of nomadic groups across the steppe.

In addition to pastoralism, the Ulgii 1 culture engaged in limited agriculture. They cultivated hardy crops that could withstand the short growing seasons, supplementing their diet and supporting sedentary or semi-sedentary settlements. Seasonal hunting and gathering also contributed to their sustenance, with evidence of hunting tools and remains of wild animals found in archaeological sites.

Social Organization

The social structure of the Ulgii 1 culture likely consisted of small, kin-based groups or tribal communities. These groups were often led by chieftains or elders who held authority based on their skills, knowledge, and the capacity to provide for their communities. Social status may have been reflected in burial practices, with more elaborate graves reserved for higher-status individuals, as evidenced by the presence of grave goods.

Material Culture and Technology

The Ulgii 1 culture saw the advancement of metalworking, particularly bronze, used to produce tools, weapons, and ornaments. The craftsmanship of bronze artifacts, such as axes, knives, and spearheads, indicates a sophisticated knowledge of metallurgy and suggests the existence of trade networks with neighboring cultures to acquire necessary raw materials. Pottery from this period is also notable, featuring simple forms and designs that served practical purposes.

Art and Symbolism

Artistic expression in Ulgii 1 culture can be seen in petroglyphs, stone carvings, and decorative items. These works often depict animals, hunting scenes, and possibly spiritual or symbolic motifs. The art suggests a deep connection to the natural world and may have played a role in rituals or as markers of territorial boundaries.

Burial Practices and Beliefs

The Ulgii 1 culture demonstrated distinct burial practices that provide insights into their beliefs and social hierarchy. Burial sites often contain circular stone arrangements or cairns, with the deceased laid to rest accompanied by grave goods such as pottery, tools, and ornaments. The orientation and placement of the dead and the artifacts suggest beliefs in an afterlife or the significance of ensuring the dead were equipped for their journey beyond.

Interaction and Influence

The location of the Ulgii 1 culture in the Eurasian Steppe facilitated both interaction and exchange with neighboring cultures. Trade likely played a role in the dissemination of technological innovations and cultural practices. This exchange with other Bronze Age societies in the region contributed to the dynamic cultural landscape of Central Asia during this period.

Legacy

The Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1 culture represents a critical phase in the development of steppe societies, contributing to the cultural and technological foundations that would influence later nomadic civilizations. Their advancements in metallurgy, pastoralism, and social organization paved the way for the complex interactions and expansions characteristic of the later Steppe cultures.

In summary, the Ulgii 1 culture of Early Bronze Age Mongolia exemplifies the adaptability and innovation of steppe societies, highlighting their ability to thrive in challenging environments through the development of sophisticated social, economic, and technological systems.

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TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I6361 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I12977 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2913 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kulala Ula barrow 1. secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13180 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (KUM001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 73%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 15%
Ancient Native Americans 7%
Ancient Oceanians 3%
Neolithic Farmers 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (KUM001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 88%
Northern Asian 44%
Siberian 36.0%
Mongolian 7.6%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 33%
Central Asian 33.2%
Japanese & Korean 6%
Japanese 6.3%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 5%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 4.6%
America 8%
America 8%
Native American 8.3%
Oceania 3%
Melanesian 3%
Papuan 3.0%
Africa 1%
African Hunter-Gatherer 1%
African Hunter-Gatherer 1.1%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample KUM001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

KUM001,0.04524524,-0.31756148,0.07028084,-0.00217008,-0.07872174,-0.03090494,-0.0091242,-0.0076415,0.0061477,0.0022469,0.01312522,0.00103288,-9.884E-05,-0.0042775,-0.0064856,-0.00816326,-0.00376704,0.00599212,0.01001254,0.00334332,0.00791298,-0.00817522,0.00505468,0.00236626,0.00614482
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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