A woman buried in Russia in the Late Neolithic era

FNO003
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
FNO003
Date:
6000 BCE - 5700 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
C
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Buryatia. Fofonovo
Coordinates:
52.0484, 106.7663
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Pre-Bronze Age period in Buryatia, located in the Siberian region of Russia, offers a fascinating glimpse into the life and culture of hunter-gatherer societies. This era, spanning roughly from the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of the Bronze Age, reflects a time before the advancement and widespread use of metal tools and the subsequent shifts in socio-economic structures they brought about.

Geography and Environment

Buryatia is situated in a region characterized by its rugged landscapes, encompassing the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, dense taiga forests, mountainous terrains, and vast steppes. The natural environment played a crucial role in shaping the lifestyle and mobility of its inhabitants. The harsh Siberian climate, with its long winters and short summers, required a high degree of adaptability and resilience from the people living there.

Subsistence and Daily Life

The hunter-gatherers of Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia relied on a subsistence strategy intimately connected to their environment. The rich biodiversity, particularly around Lake Baikal, provided ample resources. Fish and marine life from the lake, along with elk, deer, and wild boar from the forests, were vital food sources. These were supplemented by the gathering of wild berries, nuts, and edible plants during the brief growing season.

Fishing and hunting techniques were sophisticated, involving the use of bone and stone tools. Spears, harpoons, and darts were crafted for hunting large game and fishing activities. Evidence suggests the use of bows and arrows, which would have been critical for hunting nimble game across varied terrains.

Social Structure and Organization

The social structure of these communities is inferred to be egalitarian, typical of many hunter-gatherer societies. Social organization likely revolved around small, kin-based groups or bands. Mobility was a key feature, with groups moving in response to seasonal changes and resource availability. This nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle dictated the temporary nature of settlements, which were likely constructed of organic materials such as wood, animal skins, and bark, leaving limited archaeological traces.

Spiritual and Artistic Expressions

Despite the practicalities of their lifestyle, these societies possessed rich spiritual and cultural dimensions. The harsh and at times foreboding Siberian landscape often became a focus of spiritual belief systems. Rituals and ceremonies likely held significances tied to natural elements, animal spirits, and perhaps shamanistic practices.

Artistic expressions from this period include petroglyphs and carvings found in caves and on rock faces. These artworks often depicted animals and hunting scenes, reflecting both the environmental focus of life and spiritual beliefs.

Cross-Cultural Interactions

Though relatively isolated geographically, the people of Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia were not completely cut off from broader regional interactions. Cultural exchanges might have occurred via trading or migrating groups, evidenced by similarities in tool types and stylistic elements in artifacts found across wider areas of Siberia and Central Asia.

Archaeological Significance

The archaeological record from Buryatia during this period provides important insights into early human adaptation and survival strategies in harsh environments. Excavations have uncovered stone tools, remnants of temporary dwellings, and other artifacts that reveal much about the subsistence strategies and daily lives of these early Siberian inhabitants.

In conclusion, Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia represents a period of human history defined by adaptability, intimate knowledge of the natural world, and intricate social and spiritual lives. This foundation set the stage for the eventual cultural transitions brought about by the advent of bronze metallurgy and more settled lifestyles.

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TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
FNO001 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 5995 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO003 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 6000 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO006 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 6000 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO007 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 5882 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (FNO003) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 90%
Ancient Native Americans 8%
Ancient Africans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (FNO003) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 96%
Northern Asian 85%
Siberian 45.6%
Mongolian 39.1%
Japanese & Korean 7%
Japanese 7.3%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 4%
Tibetan 4.3%
America 4%
America 4%
Native American 3.8%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample FNO003 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

FNO003,0.0379049,-0.43519448,0.12050848,-0.0217314,-0.11070792,-0.07139216,0.01963664,0.02665564,0.02252724,0.01924028,0.03036838,0.006239,-0.00815318,0.00369758,-0.0131759,-0.01885506,-0.00362212,0.01528624,0.02640196,0.01221882,0.03845152,-0.03766996,0.00295792,0.00548014,0.01652333
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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