A man buried in Mongolia in the Middle Late Bronze Age era

BER002
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
BER002
Date:
1376 BCE - 1120 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
T1a1
Y-DNA:
N-Z35159
Cultural Period:
Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Khovd. Berkh Mountain
Coordinates:
47.0600, 91.8425
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle to Late Bronze Age in the Khovd region of Mongolia, situated on the Eurasian Steppe, is a fascinating period that highlights the region's dynamic cultural and environmental interactions. This era roughly spans from the mid-2nd millennium BCE to the end of the 1st millennium BCE. The Khovd area, characterized by its steppe and semi-desert environment interspersed with mountains, was home to nomadic pastoralist societies that played a significant role in the cultural transference across the vast expanse of Eurasia.

Geographic and Environmental Context

Khovd is located in western Mongolia, bordered by the Altai Mountains to the southwest. The landscape features a combination of open steppe, which is well-suited for pastoral activities, and more rugged terrain, which offers resources like mineral ores and wood. The climate is largely continental, with cold winters and relatively warmer summers. These environmental factors influenced the livelihoods and movements of the Bronze Age populations in this region.

Sociocultural Aspects

During the Middle to Late Bronze Age, Khovd was inhabited by various tribes often referred to collectively as steppe nomads. These groups were engaged in pastoralism, relying heavily on herds of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. Horse domestication and its use for travel and transport were significant developments during this period, enhancing mobility and enabling long-distance interactions.

The societies of this era were predominantly organized in tribal structures with a high degree of social stratification. Tribal leaders likely gained status through control over resources and successful inter-group alliances, sometimes marked by exchanges of goods, people, and ideas with neighboring cultures.

Material Culture

The material culture of the Khovd region during the Bronze Age is evidenced by a variety of archaeological finds, including metalwork, pottery, and funerary practices. Bronze, a crucial technological advancement, was used to create tools, weapons, and ornaments. The metallurgical skills of the Khovd inhabitants indicate interaction with neighboring cultures, possibly through trade networks that spanned Central Asia.

Pottery from this period often features geometric patterns, indicative of both functional uses and potential ritualistic or symbolic purposes. Excavations in the region have unveiled burial sites that provide insights into the spiritual and social hierarchies of these societies. Kurgans, or burial mounds, are typical of the era and reveal sophisticated burial practices that suggest beliefs in an afterlife or reverence for ancestors.

Exchange and Interaction

The Middle to Late Bronze Age in Khovd was marked by significant interactions with other cultures across the Eurasian Steppe, largely facilitated by the region's strategic position along ancient trade routes. Nomadic groups in Khovd likely participated in the early stages of what would later become the Silk Road. As a result, there was a rich exchange of not only goods but also cultural practices, technological innovations, and genetic diversity.

Religious and Ritual Practices

Although specific details about the religious beliefs of the Khovd Bronze Age societies remain elusive, burial practices and the occasional presence of ritual sites suggest complex spiritual lives. The construction of elaborate kurgans points to rituals that involved both animal sacrifices and grave goods placed with the deceased, likely intended to serve them in the afterlife. Such practices imply a belief system that revered natural forces and possibly included shamanistic elements, which were common across many Eurasian steppe societies.

Conclusion

The Middle to Late Bronze Age in the Khovd region of Mongolia provides a glimpse into the adaptive strategies of nomadic societies in a challenging environment. These communities not only survived but thrived through their mastery of pastoralism, metalwork, and strategic interactions with neighboring cultures. Archaeological findings from this era continue to offer valuable insights into the complexity of ancient societies on the Eurasian Steppe, highlighting their contributions to the broader tapestry of human history.

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OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
BER002 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1376 BCE Khovd. Berkh Mountain, Mongolia View
SBG001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1442 BCE Khovd. Shar Gobi-3. Shar gov' 3, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (BER002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 39%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 26%
European Hunter-Gatherers 19%
Neolithic Farmers 11%
Ancient Native Americans 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (BER002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 49%
Eastern European 30%
Eastern European 30.2%
Northwestern European 19%
English 11.7%
Finnish 4.9%
Scandinavian 2.6%
Asia 46%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 21%
Central Asian 14.7%
Pakistan 5.7%
Indian 0.9%
Northern Asian 18%
Siberian 15.9%
Mongolian 1.9%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 3%
Tibetan 3.3%
Japanese & Korean 3%
Japanese 3.0%
Northern West Asian 1%
Caucasian 0.7%
America 4%
America 4%
Native American 4.1%
Africa 1%
West African 1%
Ghanaian, Liberian, Sierra Leonean 0.5%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample BER002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

BER002,0.09325194,-0.08023856,0.0619934,0.0379906,-0.03060014,0.00254238,-0.00205162,0.00318794,-0.00253446,-0.01535522,-0.0039166,-0.00125422,0.00014596,-0.01709666,0.0146941,0.00369622,-0.0156468,-0.00077062,0.00173998,0.00454744,-0.02142002,0.00691894,-0.00109692,0.00562276,-0.0019291
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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