A man buried in Mongolia in the Middle Late Bronze Age era

KHU001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
KHU001
Date:
2000 BCE - 700 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
C4a1a
Y-DNA:
Q-L330
Cultural Period:
Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Zavkhan. Khukh Khoshuunii Boom
Coordinates:
49.7038, 96.3620
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan culture emerged in what is now the Zavkhan Province of northwestern Mongolia, part of the expansive Eurasian Steppe region. This period, roughly spanning from 1600 to 700 BCE, witnessed significant developments in social organization, technology, and cultural practices among the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the steppe.

Geography and Environment

The Zavkhan region is characterized by its diverse landscape, including mountains, river valleys, and vast steppes. This varied environment provided an abundance of resources that influenced the subsistence strategies of the Bronze Age communities. The climate, typified by cold winters and warm summers, played a crucial role in shaping the lifestyle of the inhabitants, particularly in terms of animal husbandry and pastoralism.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of the Zavkhan culture during the Middle to Late Bronze Age was primarily based on pastoralism, with herding of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses playing a central role. Horse domestication was particularly significant, marking a transformational shift in transport, warfare, and social status. In addition to pastoralism, some communities engaged in limited agriculture, supplementing their diet with cultivated grains and wild foraged plants.

Settlement Patterns

Bronze Age Zavkhan communities were largely mobile, characterized by seasonal movements between pastures. However, archaeological findings suggest the presence of semi-permanent settlements, possibly indicating a degree of sedentism during certain seasons. These settlements commonly featured circular dwellings, often constructed with a combination of stone and organic materials like wood and felt.

Technology and Craftsmanship

The Bronze Age was marked by advancements in metalworking, with evidence of sophisticated bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments. Artifacts such as daggers, arrowheads, and bracelets highlight the community's metallurgical skills. Moreover, pottery from this era displays both functionality and decorative elements, with common motifs including geometric designs and animal representations.

Social Structure and Culture

The social structure of Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan was likely organized around kinship and clan affiliations, which were central to the governance of these communities. Burial practices provide insights into social hierarchies, with elite individuals often interred with elaborate grave goods, including weapons, jewelry, and horse accompaniments, indicating their status and wealth. Such burials suggest the existence of a warrior elite class, potentially linked to tribal leadership.

Religious and spiritual beliefs during this era are inferred from burial rites and rock art, often found etched onto cliffs and stones. These petroglyphs frequently depict animals, hunting scenes, and chariots, indicating a spiritual connection to nature and possibly a form of totemism or ancestor worship.

Interaction and Exchange

The Zavkhan culture existed within a broader network of trade and cultural exchange that spanned the Eurasian Steppe. This is evidenced by the diffusion of technology, such as the chariot, and stylistic influences seen in pottery and metalwork. Cultural interactions facilitated the exchange of ideas, goods, and innovations, contributing to the dynamic nature of Bronze Age societies in this region.

Legacy and Influence

The Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan culture played a pivotal role in the cultural and technological transformations of the wider region. The developments during this period laid the groundwork for succeeding cultures and the eventual rise of the nomadic empires that dominated the Eurasian Steppe in later centuries. The legacy of the Zavkhan culture is reflected in the continuity of pastoral traditions and the integration of diverse cultural practices across the region.

In summary, the Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan culture was a vibrant and dynamic society marked by advancements in technology, complex social structures, and a rich cultural tapestry that contributed to the broader mosaic of Bronze Age Eurasia.

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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
BIL001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan, Mongolia 1420 BCE Zavkhan. Biluutiin Am, Mongolia View
KHU001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan, Mongolia 2000 BCE Zavkhan. Khukh Khoshuunii Boom, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (KHU001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 84%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 7%
Ancient Native Americans 5%
Neolithic Farmers 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (KHU001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 92%
Northern Asian 57%
Siberian 43.7%
Mongolian 13.6%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 13%
Tibetan 9.0%
Chinese 4.3%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 11%
Central Asian 11.0%
Japanese & Korean 11%
Japanese 10.8%
America 6%
America 6%
Native American 6.1%
Oceania 1%
Melanesian 1%
Papuan 1.5%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample KHU001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

KHU001,0.05290102,-0.32529034,0.08408146,0.00308902,-0.05301642,-0.02777352,-0.00597062,-0.00372026,0.00484554,-0.00122808,0.00947026,-0.00440426,0.00872368,-0.02052008,-0.01739382,-0.01014214,-0.00481852,0.00616844,0.01605566,0.00756546,0.01231066,-0.01200048,0.01193486,0.00447064,0.00868128
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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