A man buried in Mongolia in the Middle Ages era

MRI001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
MRI001
Date:
1000 CE - 1500 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
D4m
Y-DNA:
C-SK1072
Cultural Period:
Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Khuvsgul. Mori Baridag
Coordinates:
49.4361, 101.4608
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Medieval period in the Khuvsgul region of Mongolia, under the vast expanse of the Mongol Empire, is a captivating era characterized by dynamic cultural nuances, socio-political structures, and interactions with the broader imperial framework. This epoch, roughly spanning the 13th to 15th centuries, unfolds within the context of the Mongol Empire's expansion and influence, led by illustrious figures such as Genghis Khan and his descendants.

Geographical and Environmental Context

Khuvsgul, located in northern Mongolia, is a region defined by its rugged terrains, dense forests, and the pristine Khuvsgul Lake, often referred to as the “Blue Pearl” of Mongolia. The region's harsh climate, with severe winters and relatively mild summers, shaped the lifestyle and survival strategies of its inhabitants. The geographical isolation provided by mountain ranges offered both a refuge and a barrier, influencing the socio-cultural evolution of the local tribes.

Sociopolitical Structure and Influence of the Mongol Empire

During the height of the Mongol Empire, the Khuvsgul region was primarily inhabited by nomadic tribes, such as the Darkhad and the Uriankhai, who were part of the larger Mongol ethnicity. These tribes were organized in a clan-based system, with allegiance to the Great Khan and participation in the mechanisms of the empire playing a decisive role in their political alignment.

Under the centralized administration of the Mongol state, the Khuvsgul region witnessed multiple changes. Taxes were levied in the form of livestock or other natural resources, and the military conscription of able-bodied men was a common practice. The tribes contributed to, and benefited from, the extensive trade networks established by the Mongols, which connected the East and West.

Cultural and Social Life

The cultural life in Khuvsgul during this period was rich and diverse, integrating traditional Mongolian practices with influences from the larger Mongol Empire. Shamanism played a central role in the spiritual lives of the people. Shamans, often men but including women, mediated between the spiritual and material worlds, particularly given the close relationship the people maintained with nature and the spirits they believed inhabited it.

Despite the overarching influence of the Mongol Empire, traditional customs and social structures persisted. Tribes maintained their distinct dialects, folklore, and traditions, which were orally transmitted through generations. Celebrations like the Naadam festival embodied the cultural heritage, featuring traditional games such as wrestling, horse racing, and archery.

Economic Activities

Economic life in Khuvsgul was predominantly pastoral, based on the intensive use of livestock—sheep, goats, yaks, and horses. The skill of horsemanship was not only crucial for the economic prosperity of the tribes but also for their military obligations to the Mongol rulers. Trade caravans passed through this region, exchanging goods like furs, wool, and dairy products, which were abundantly available due to the region's natural resources.

Interactions with the Mongol Empire and Beyond

The Khuvsgul region was crucial in the broader context of Mongol activities due to its strategic location and resource abundance. As the Mongol Empire expanded, interactions with nearby cultures and neighboring tribes increased, leading to a degree of cultural exchange and assimilation.

The administration of the Mongol Empire aimed to integrate these remote regions seamlessly into its vast territories, balancing local autonomy with imperial authority. This integration facilitated a flow of ideas, technologies, and goods, contributing to a complex social tapestry that saw local traditions intermingle with Mongol imperial practices.

Decline and Transformation

By the end of the 14th century, the grip of the Mongol Empire began to wane, leading to significant transformations in the Khuvsgul region. With the gradual decline of centralized power, local tribes experienced a resurgence in autonomy, fostering a revival in traditional practices and governance systems independent of external influences.

In conclusion, the Late Medieval period in the Khuvsgul region of Mongolia is a testament to the coexistence of traditional nomadic lifestyles within the expansive framework of the Mongol Empire. This era highlighted the resilience and adaptability of local cultures amid global forces, preserving their identity while contributing to one of history’s largest and most influential empires. The dynamism of this period laid foundational cultural and socio-political elements that resonate in the region to this day.

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CHN010 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 89 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
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DEL001 Xiongnu Period Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Delgerkhaan Uul, Mongolia View
DOL001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Khanan Uul, Mongolia View
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EME002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Emeel Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ERD001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Erdene Mountain, Mongolia View
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IMA006 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 51 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA007 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA008 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
JAG001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 197 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
KGK001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khirgest Khooloi, Mongolia View
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KHL001 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Khalzan Khoshuu. Bodonch Gol, Mongolia View
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KNU001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khanui, Mongolia View
KRN001 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Karnikovyn Am, Mongolia View
KRN002 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Karnikovyn Am, Mongolia View
MIT001 Early Iron Age Tuv, Mongolia 1192 BCE Tuv. Morin Tolgoi, Mongolia View
MRI001 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Mori Baridag, Mongolia View
NAI001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
NAI002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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OLN001 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN002 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN003 Early Medieval Mongolia 772 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN004 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN005 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN009 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN010 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN011 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN012 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
RAH001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Rahsaan Khad, Mongolia View
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
SBG001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1442 BCE Khovd. Shar Gobi-3. Shar gov' 3, Mongolia View
SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SHG001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG002 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG003 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHR001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Shar Khad, Mongolia View
SHT001 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3320 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHT002 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3316 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHU001 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1107 BCE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SHU002 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1175 CE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SKT001 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SOL001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Solbi Uul, Mongolia View
SON001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 200 BCE Tuv. Songino Khairkhan, Mongolia View
SOU001 Pre-Bronze Age Dornod, Mongolia 4684 BCE Dornod. South bank of Kherlen River, Mongolia View
TAH002 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor II, Mongolia View
TAK001 Xiongnu Period Khovd, Mongolia 200 BCE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor I, Mongolia View
TAV001 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
ULI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1278 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
KHV002 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Khavtsal II, Mongolia View
MRI001 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Mori Baridag, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (MRI001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 87%
Neolithic Farmers 7%
Ancient Native Americans 4%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (MRI001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 98%
Northern Asian 72%
Siberian 36.2%
Mongolian 35.6%
Japanese & Korean 14%
Japanese 13.7%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 11%
Central Asian 10.7%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 2%
Chinese 1.8%
America 2%
America 2%
Native American 1.9%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample MRI001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

MRI001,0.04360374,-0.3775795,0.08702958,-0.02196816,-0.0657736,-0.039903,0.01629912,0.02013422,0.00728594,0.00946654,0.001843,-0.0003228,0.0011035,-0.00410644,-0.0096083,-0.01308686,-0.00764154,0.00860144,0.01491294,0.00824762,0.01046746,-0.01545316,0.00238254,0.00192522,0.00714007
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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