A woman buried in Mongolia in the Early Iron Age era

I17652
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I17652
Date:
982 BCE - 836 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
Not available
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Khentii. Bor Bulag
Coordinates:
48.6221, 110.6207
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture in the Khentii region of Mongolia represents a fascinating and significant chapter in the history of nomadic cultures in Central Asia. This culture, which is part and parcel of the broader Slab Grave cultural phenomenon, developed around the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age, roughly from the 13th to the 3rd centuries BCE. It provides critical insights into the lifestyle, burial traditions, and socio-political landscape of the early nomadic peoples of this area.

Geographical Context: Khentii is a mountainous region in northeastern Mongolia, which has been historically rich with nomadic pastoral societies. This landscape includes vast steppes and rugged terrain, suitable for pastoralism, which was the primary economic and subsistence strategy of these groups. The region’s geography greatly influenced the cultural and social structures of the Slab Grave culture.

Cultural Overview: The Slab Grave culture is named after its distinctive burial practices characterized by graves constructed with stone slabs. These are typically arranged in a rectangular or circular fashion around the burial site, forming a clear and observable feature on the landscape. This culture is notable for not only its unique mortuary practices but also for its role in the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, marked by the increasing use of iron metallurgy.

Archaeological Evidence: Archaeological excavations in the Khentii region have revealed an array of slab graves of varying sizes, which indicate a level of social stratification within this culture. Grave goods found within these sites often include pottery, weapons, and ornaments made from bronze, iron, and sometimes gold, suggesting a community skilled in metallurgy and craft production. The presence of horse remains in some of these graves underscores the importance of horses to this culture, reflecting their mobility and possibly their status in these societies.

Social and Economic Structure: As a nomadic culture, the people of the Slab Grave culture were primarily pastoralists, relying on herding livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. The mobility of these communities allowed them to exploit different ecological niches, moving seasonally to access pastures. This way of life fostered a flexible social structure, with clans or tribes possibly led by chieftains or elite groups, as suggested by the more elaborate burial sites.

Cultural Interactions: The Slab Grave culture existed in a dynamic environment where various cultural and migratory flows occurred. It likely interacted with neighboring cultures to the north, such as the Karasuk culture, and to the west and south, including early Scythians and other Proto-Mongolic and Turkic groups. These interactions could have facilitated exchanges in technology, trade, and ideas, as evidenced by the diffusion of metallurgy techniques and stylistic similarities in artifacts.

Religious and Spiritual Beliefs: The burial practices and grave goods suggest a complex belief system that included ancestor worship and possibly elements of shamanistic traditions, as indicated by the inclusion of animal sacrifices and personal effects intended for use in the afterlife. The orientation and construction of the graves also hint at cosmological beliefs, possibly aligned with solar or astral positions, indicating a sophisticated spiritual worldview.

Conclusion: The Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture in the Khentii region represents a pivotal era that blends aspects of indigenous traditions with influences brought about by wider regional interactions. Its study provides valuable insights into the cultural dynamics of early nomadic societies in Central Asia, highlighting their contributions to the cultural and historical tapestry of the region. As more archaeological work is conducted, our understanding of these fascinating people and their way of life will undoubtedly continue to grow.

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TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
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ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
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YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
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ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
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I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
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I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I17652 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Khentii. Bor Bulag, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I17652) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 95%
Ancient Native Americans 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I17652) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 97%
Japanese & Korean 51%
Japanese 51.3%
Northern Asian 46%
Mongolian 26.8%
Siberian 18.7%
Africa 3%
West African 3%
Ghanaian, Liberian, Sierra Leonean 3.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I17652 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I17652,0.0325714,-0.43489854,0.083316,-0.03850958,-0.06344866,-0.04289458,0.01882994,0.0231329,0.00873148,0.01437238,-0.01079584,0.00051992,0.00115282,0.00300998,-0.01068862,-0.0107987,-0.00626978,0.00813232,0.01592872,0.01017326,0.01761578,-0.02032992,-0.0022838,0.00250406,0.0097346
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

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