A man buried in Mongolia in the Early Bronze Age era

IAG001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
IAG001
Date:
2570 BCE - 2465 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
Not available
Y-DNA:
Not available
Cultural Period:
Early Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Khovd. Yagshiin Khuduu
Coordinates:
46.1211, 91.5718
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Bronze Age (EBA) in the Khovd region of Mongolia is a fascinating period characterized by significant cultural and technological transitions among the communities inhabiting the Eurasian Steppe. This era, roughly spanning from the late 3rd millennium to early 2nd millennium BCE, marks the evolution of nomadic pastoral societies that were instrumental in shaping the dynamics of Eurasia.

Environmental and Geographical Context

The Khovd region is positioned in western Mongolia, prominently situated within the greater expanse of the Eurasian Steppe. This vast grassland region provided a unique environment that supported the development of pastoralism due to its open landscapes, which were ideal for grazing livestock. The climate during the Early Bronze Age was likely similar to today—characterized by harsh winters and dry summers, necessitating a mobile lifestyle to access resources efficiently.

Cultural Characteristics

Subsistence and Economy

The Early Bronze Age communities in Khovd were primarily pastoral, relying heavily on the herding of animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. This form of subsistence was well-suited to the region's ecological conditions and allowed these groups to exploit different pastures seasonally. Animal husbandry led to a highly mobile lifestyle, which was reflected in their material culture and settlement patterns.

The adoption and domestication of the horse, evident in this period, played a crucial role in the economic and social life of these communities, ushering in new means for transportation, trade, and warfare.

Social Structure and Organization

The social organization of Early Bronze Age Khovd was likely based on kinship ties, with clans or extended family groups forming the fundamental social units. Hierarchies perhaps existed, likely determined by wealth in livestock, martial prowess, or spiritual roles. Evidence suggests the presence of social stratification, as indicated by variations in burial practices and grave goods.

Material Culture

Material culture from this era reflects a blend of local traditions and interactions with neighboring cultures. Pottery from this period, typically handmade and fired at low temperatures, exhibits simple geometric decorations. The emergence of metalwork, though limited, marks significant technological progress. Tools and ornaments made from bronze and other metals indicate connections with broader Eurasian metallurgical traditions.

Stone tools and weapons, such as knives and arrowheads, were prevalent, highlighting the continued importance of hunting and warfare alongside pastoral activities. Textile remnants suggest knowledge of weaving, although evidence is sparse due to the perishable nature of materials.

Mortuary Practices

Burial practices were complex and varied, indicating a rich spiritual and ritual life. Graves often contain goods reflective of the deceased's status or occupation, including tools, weapons, and ornaments. The presence of kurgans, or burial mounds, is widespread, suggesting a practice of venerating individuals of high social or spiritual importance.

Artistic and Religious Expressions

Artistic expressions are observed in petroglyphs and carvings, depicting animals, hunting scenes, and abstract designs, offering insights into the symbolic and aesthetic values of these communities. Religious beliefs likely involved shamanistic elements, emphasizing the interconnectedness between humans, animals, and the spiritual world, although detailed evidence is limited.

Interactions and Influence

The Early Bronze Age in Khovd was a dynamic period of cross-cultural interaction facilitated by the region's position along the ancient trade routes of the Eurasian Steppe. This connectivity allowed for the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies with neighboring cultures, such as those in Central Asia, Siberia, and further west.

In conclusion, the Early Bronze Age in Khovd, Mongolia, reflects a critical period of cultural development in the Eurasian Steppe, with significant advancements in pastoralism, metallurgy, and social organization. The communities of this era laid foundational aspects for the later, more complex societies that would emerge in Mongolia and across the steppes, influencing the region's historical trajectory for millennia to come.

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SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
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SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
IAG001 Early Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 2570 BCE Khovd. Yagshiin Khuduu, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (IAG001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 47%
Ancient Asians 17%
European Hunter-Gatherers 15%
Neolithic Farmers 14%
Ancient Native Americans 8%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (IAG001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 53%
Northwestern European 53%
English 41.2%
Finnish 11.8%
Asia 36%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 35%
Pakistan 17.6%
Indian 9.3%
Central Asian 8.5%
Northern West Asian 1%
Caucasian 0.5%
America 9%
America 9%
Native American 9.0%
Africa 2%
West African 2%
Ghanaian, Liberian, Sierra Leonean 1.2%
Senegambian & Guinean 0.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample IAG001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

IAG001,0.10548406,0.0115291,0.03949484,0.0632958,-0.02235076,0.01679664,-0.0014915,-0.00017064,-0.00843614,-0.0261177,0.0093621,-0.00663688,0.01002106,-0.0147399,-0.00580964,-0.0098522,-0.01270352,-0.00310444,-0.01404308,-0.01610396,-3.366E-05,0.00415894,-0.01732902,0.00568298,-0.00385202
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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