A woman buried in Mongolia in the Middle Ages era

GAN002
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
GAN002
Date:
1000 CE - 1500 CE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
A11a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Umungobi. Ganzagad
Coordinates:
43.1495, 102.1270
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The late medieval period in Umungobi, Mongolia, during the time of the Mongol Empire, is a fascinating era marked by its unique social, cultural, and political characteristics. The Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century, eventually became the largest contiguous empire in history and had a profound influence on the regions within its domain, including Umungobi, which was part of the larger Mongolian steppe.

Geography and Climate

Umungobi is part of the Gobi Desert, characterized by its harsh climate, with extreme temperatures ranging from scorching summers to bitterly cold winters. Despite these challenging conditions, the region’s geography, featuring sweeping plains, rugged mountains, and sparse vegetation, was ideally suited for the nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols. The environment influenced their diet, clothing, and social structures, requiring adaptability and resilience to thrive.

Social Structure and Lifestyle

The Mongolian society in Umungobi, like much of the Mongol Empire, was predominantly nomadic. The population was organized into tribal units, or \ordos," which formed the fundamental social and political units. These tribes were interconnected through kinship ties, and their leaders were typically selected based on merit, prowess in battle, and consensus within the tribe.

Economy

The economy of Umungobi was largely based on pastoralism. The herding of animals such as horses, camels, sheep, goats, and yaks was central to their livelihood. Horses, in particular, held an esteemed place, essential for transportation, communication, and warfare. The Mongols were adept at utilizing every part of the animals they raised, which contributed to a self-sustaining lifestyle.

Seasonal movements defined their pastoral life, with families relocating several times a year to find fresh pastures. This nomadic way of life required portable dwellings known as "gers" (or yurts), which were expertly designed to withstand the severe climate and could be quickly dismantled and transported.

Political Structure

The late medieval period saw Umungobi under the influence of the broader governance structure of the Mongol Empire. After Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes, his successors, particularly his son Ögedei Khan and later Khublai Khan, expanded and solidified Mongol rule. The region, while remote, was strategically significant. Local leaders, known as "noyans," often administrated these areas, maintaining the law, order, and tribute collection in line with the policies set by the Khagan (Great Khan).

The Mongol Empire allowed for a combination of centralized control and local autonomy. This mix enabled them to effectively manage diverse territories across vast distances while accommodating local traditions and practices. The Yam system, a sophisticated communication and relay network, facilitated efficient governance, with relay stations and roads enabling swift travel and communication across the empire, directly linking regions like Umungobi with the central administration.

Culture and Religion

Culturally, the people of Umungobi were influenced by their nomadic heritage and the vast expanse of the Mongol Empire, which connected diverse cultures along the Silk Road. This period was marked by a syncretism of beliefs and cultural practices due to interactions with neighboring societies. Shamanism remained widely practiced, centered on rituals to interact with the spiritual world, often seeking harmony and balance within the natural environment.

With the expansion of the empire, Buddhism began to gain influence, disseminated along trade routes, and through intercultural exchanges with Tibet and China. Over time, Buddhism became increasingly popular, influencing Mongolian culture, art, and architecture.

Conclusion

The late medieval period in Umungobi was thus characterized by the blending of a rich nomadic tradition with the vast scope and varied influences of the Mongol Empire. The challenging environmental conditions necessitated a robust and adaptable way of life, while the political and cultural dynamics under Mongolian rule allowed for significant intercultural contact and exchange. This era represents a pivotal moment where the confluence of local practices and imperial policies created a distinctive chapter in the region's historical narrative."

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OLN005 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
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SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SHG001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG002 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG003 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
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SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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TAK001 Xiongnu Period Khovd, Mongolia 200 BCE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor I, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
ULI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1278 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
BAZ001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Banzart Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ERD001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Erdene Mountain, Mongolia View
GAN002 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Ganzagad, Mongolia View
GUN002 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Gun Tharmagtai, Mongolia View
IKU001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Ikh Uvgun, Mongolia View
SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (GAN002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 94%
Neolithic Farmers 3%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (GAN002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 98%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 56%
Chinese 38.9%
Tibetan 16.7%
Northern Asian 28%
Mongolian 22.0%
Siberian 6.1%
Japanese & Korean 10%
Japanese 9.9%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 4%
Central Asian 2.5%
Indian 1.6%
Europe 2%
Northwestern European 2%
Finnish 1.8%
Oceania 1%
Melanesian 1%
Papuan 0.5%
Africa 0%
Northern East African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample GAN002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

GAN002,0.0296201,-0.41157994,0.01895838,-0.04883312,0.01887726,0.0049895,0.00941832,0.0077468,-0.0065399,0.0047486,-0.05281514,-0.0064291,0.00341944,-0.00415,-0.00498882,-0.00621614,0.00347622,-0.00173018,-0.0037248,0.00044464,0.00548036,0.00411738,0.00409848,0.00112792,0.00508328
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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