A woman buried in Russia in the Early Iron Age era

PTO001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
PTO001
Date:
1053 BCE - 912 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
D4j-a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Buryatia. Pesterevo 82
Coordinates:
51.5020, 107.4564
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Iron Age in Buryatia, a region located in southern Siberia, Russia, represents a fascinating era marked by significant cultural, technological, and social developments. This period, roughly spanning from the 1st millennium BCE to the early centuries CE, is characterized by the transition from Bronze Age societies with their complex chiefdoms to more stratified societies influenced by emerging Iron Age technologies and socio-political structures.

Geography and Environment

Buryatia is situated around Lake Baikal, one of the world’s oldest and deepest freshwater lakes, and is bordered by mountainous regions like the Sayan and Yablonoi ranges. The region features a diverse landscape of taiga forests, steppe grasslands, and rolling hills. This varied environment provided rich resources, influencing the lifestyles and economies of its early inhabitants and promoting diverse subsistence strategies.

Cultural Influences and Interactions

Early Iron Age Buryatia was a cultural melting pot influenced by both indigenous traditions and interactions with neighboring peoples. This period saw increased interaction with the Scythians to the west and various nomadic groups who traveled along the Eurasian steppes, bringing with them innovations such as iron metallurgy, horse breeding, and new forms of pastoralism.

Archaeological Discoveries

The archaeological record of this era reveals significant advancements in metallurgy. The introduction of iron technology had a profound impact on tools and weaponry, enhancing agricultural productivity and military capabilities. Artefacts such as iron spearheads, knives, and ornaments suggest a society that was both martial and aesthetic, with craftsmanship playing a crucial role in daily life.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of Early Iron Age Buryatia was a blend of pastoralism, hunting, fishing, and limited agriculture. The domestication of horses and the use of iron plows likely allowed for more efficient farming and expanded trade networks. Domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats were central to the economy, providing food, clothing, and trade goods. Meanwhile, the abundance of natural resources like fish from Lake Baikal and game from the surrounding forests sustained the population.

Social Structure and Organization

The social structure of Early Iron Age communities in Buryatia was likely hierarchical yet flexible, influenced by tribal affiliations and clans. The presence of kurgans (burial mounds), often richly furnished with grave goods, indicates a stratified society with distinctions in status and wealth. Leaders or chieftains likely held significant political and spiritual power, serving as intermediaries between their people and the spiritual world.

Religion and Beliefs

The religious beliefs during this time were deeply animistic, centered around the natural world and its spirits. Shamanism played a critical role, with shamans acting as spiritual leaders and healers. Their practices were deeply intertwined with the community’s understanding of the universe, health, and the cycles of life and death. Rituals and ceremonies, likely held in sacred natural sites like groves or near bodies of water, played a vital role in community cohesion and spiritual practice.

Art and Craftsmanship

Art from this period includes intricate metalwork and ceramics, often decorated with geometric patterns or depictions of animals and mythological creatures. Jewelry made from bronze and iron, sometimes inlaid with semi-precious stones, reflects the importance of personal adornment and status. These artistic endeavors highlight a culture with a sophisticated aesthetic sense and technical skill.

Conclusion

Early Iron Age Buryatia was a dynamic region where technological advances, cultural exchanges, and environmental adaptations combined to form distinctive societies. Its inhabitants were adept at exploiting and managing the diverse ecosystems of southern Siberia, allowing them to thrive in a challenging environment while leaving behind a rich archaeological legacy that continues to intrigue researchers today. Understanding this era provides valuable insights into the early development of Siberian cultures before the rise of state societies and the eventual spread of more dominant external influences in later centuries.

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PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
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TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
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ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
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UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
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ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
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I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (PTO001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 84%
Neolithic Farmers 12%
Ancient Oceanians 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (PTO001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 86%
Northern Asian 47%
Mongolian 26.9%
Siberian 20.4%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 18%
Chinese 18.1%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 12%
Central Asian 12.3%
Japanese & Korean 9%
Japanese 8.6%
Oceania 8%
Melanesian 8%
Papuan 8.2%
America 5%
America 5%
Native American 5.1%
Africa 0%
Congolese & Southern East African 0%
Northern East African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample PTO001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

PTO001,0.03143502,-0.39437594,0.08083514,-0.012198,-0.0642097,-0.07231026,0.01316912,0.01615878,0.0116647,0.01446106,0.00331138,0.00393266,-0.00359384,0.0040058,-0.00905838,-0.01477652,-0.00796622,0.01097618,0.01678178,0.00862366,0.02059684,-0.02187984,-0.000217,0.00161666,0.0109967
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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