A man buried in Mongolia in the Iron Age era

NAI001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
NAI001
Date:
200 BCE - 100 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
K1a12a1a
Y-DNA:
J-Y26741
Cultural Period:
The Xiongnu People
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi
Coordinates:
48.5904, 101.8605
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Xiongnu were a formidable confederation of nomadic tribes that dominated the vast steppes of Central Asia for centuries, specifically from around the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE. Mentioned frequently in Chinese historical texts, their presence and activities significantly impacted the political, military, and cultural landscapes of Ancient Mongolia and its neighboring regions. The Xiongnu are often identified as one of the earliest of the great nomadic empires, exerting influence across a vast territory that stretched from Eastern Europe to the northern borders of China.

Social and Political Structure

Leadership and Organization: The Xiongnu society was highly stratified, with a deeply entrenched hierarchy centered around a supreme leader, known as the \Chanyu." The Chanyu wielded substantial power and was akin to an emperor, supported by a council of nobles and chieftains from various tribes within the confederation. These subordinate leaders managed their respective clans but owed military and political allegiance to the Chanyu.

Tribal Confederation: The Xiongnu's tribal nature was one of their defining features. Composed of various tribes and ethnic groups, their confederacy required a flexible yet strong governance system to maintain unity among diverse peoples. The confederation's strength was its ability to incorporate new tribes, which often occurred through conquest, marriage, or alliance.

Economy and Daily Life

Nomadic Lifestyle: As a quintessential nomadic culture, the Xiongnu relied heavily on horse husbandry and pastoralism. The horse was central to their way of life, symbolizing wealth, status, and mobility. Herds of cattle, sheep, and goats provided sustenance and materials for clothing, making animal husbandry the economic backbone.

Trade and Interaction: Despite their martial reputation, the Xiongnu engaged in trade with neighboring settled civilizations, most notably the Han Dynasty of China. They exchanged goods suited to nomadic life, such as furs and horses, for Chinese silk, grain, and metalwork. This interaction fostered cultural exchanges, although it was not always peaceful.

Military Prowess

Warfare and Tactics: The Xiongnu were renowned for their military capabilities, particularly their skilled cavalry. Their warriors were adept at mounted archery, using composite bows that were both powerful and effective over long distances. Xiongnu forces utilized mobility and speed to conduct swift raids and employ guerrilla tactics against larger, less mobile armies.

Conflicts with China: One of the most significant aspects of Xiongnu history was their relationship with the Chinese states to the south. They were a persistent threat to China's northern borders, leading to numerous military campaigns and the construction of extensive fortifications, including sections of what would become the Great Wall. The ebb and flow of conflict, treaties, and diplomatic marriages characterized Sino-Xiongnu relations.

Culture and Beliefs

Belief Systems: While much about the Xiongnu's spiritual beliefs remains unclear, it is evident that they practiced a form of shamanism. Nature worship and reverence for the sky and mother earth were likely important aspects of their spirituality. Burial practices suggest that they believed in an afterlife, as evidenced by the inclusion of weapons, personal items, and horses in graves.

Cultural Artifacts: Artistic expressions among the Xiongnu included intricate gold and metalwork, typified by animal motifs that conveyed their cosmological beliefs and nomadic lifestyle. Artifacts recovered from burial sites and other archaeological locations illustrate a rich tradition of craftsmanship influenced by interactions with neighboring cultures.

Decline and Legacy

The decline of the Xiongnu in the late 1st century CE can be attributed to a combination of internal strife, overexpansion, and sustained pressure from other emerging nomadic groups and Chinese campaigns. Eventually, the once-formidable confederation fragmented into smaller groups, some of which migrated westward, potentially influencing the development of other nomadic cultures in Europe and Asia.

The legacy of the Xiongnu is observed in their enduring influence on the cultures and histories of the Central Asian steppes. As one of the earliest expansive nomadic empires, they set precedents for later groups such as the Huns and the Mongols, shaping the dynamics between nomadic and sedentary civilizations for centuries to come."

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OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
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ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
EME002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Emeel Tolgoi, Mongolia View
HUD001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Khudgiin Am, Mongolia View
NAI001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
NAI002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SOL001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Solbi Uul, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NAI001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 29%
Ancient Asians 27%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 24%
European Hunter-Gatherers 20%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NAI001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 79%
Northern West Asian 40%
Caucasian 38.9%
Anatolian 1.4%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 27%
Pakistan 18.6%
Central Asian 8.3%
Northern Asian 8%
Siberian 7.9%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 3%
Chinese 2.0%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 1.4%
Europe 20%
Northwestern European 16%
Finnish 7.7%
Scandinavian 5.1%
English 2.4%
Northwestern European 0.6%
Eastern European 4%
Eastern European 3.9%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 1.3%
Africa 0%
African Hunter-Gatherer 0%
Northern East African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample NAI001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

NAI001,0.08978174,-1.576E-05,-0.00080114,0.02122322,-0.04149818,0.00939114,0.0062844,-0.0014911,-0.02873294,-0.02641536,-0.00272704,0.00277948,-0.0039399,-0.01300126,0.01112924,0.00172662,-0.00670912,-0.0007396,-0.00107922,-0.00140262,-0.00833532,0.00268602,0.00124774,0.00690682,-0.00264421
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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