A woman buried in Mongolia in the Classical Era era

SAN001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
SAN001
Date:
10 CE - 120 CE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
F1b1e
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Dornod. Sant Uul
Coordinates:
47.9220, 112.9662
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Xiongnu period in Dornod, Mongolia, represents a significant era in the history of nomadic steppe cultures in Central Asia. The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic tribes that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. This period is crucial for understanding the development of proto-Mongolic cultures that preceded the later Mongol Empire.

Geography and Environment

Dornod is located in the easternmost part of Mongolia, characterized by expansive steppes, rolling hills, and a continental climate. The region's geography is vital for nomadic lifestyles, providing ample pastures for herds, a critical resource for the Xiongnu pastoral-nomadic economy. Water sources, such as the Onon and Kherlen rivers, were essential for sustaining the Xiongnu's livestock and facilitating migration routes.

Society and Culture

The Xiongnu society was a complex confederation of tribes with a hierarchical structure led by a supreme ruler known as the Chanyu. The society was stratified into nobles, warriors, and common herders. Tribal loyalty and kinship were central to their social organization, with allegiance often sealed through marriages and alliances.

Xiongnu culture was heavily influenced by their interactions with neighboring civilizations like the Han Dynasty in China. They are known for their skilled horsemanship and archery, essential for warfare and hunting. The Xiongnu practiced a nomadic pastoralist lifestyle, primarily relying on livestock such as horses, sheep, goats, and camels.

Economy

The Xiongnu economy was primarily based on pastoralism, supplemented by hunting and limited agriculture in fertile areas. Trade was an essential aspect of their economy, with the Xiongnu acting as intermediaries along the Silk Road. They traded horses, furs, and animal products for silk, grain, and other goods from China and Central Asia.

Warfare and Tactics

The Xiongnu are famed for their military prowess, with light cavalry tactics that made them formidable opponents against more sedentary cultures. They employed composite bows, which were highly effective from horseback, and utilized hit-and-run tactics suited to the open steppe terrain. Conflicts with the Han Dynasty were frequent, resulting in alternating periods of war and diplomacy, such as tribute exchanges and marriage alliances.

Relations with China and Other Cultures

The relationship between the Xiongnu and China was complex, marked by both conflict and cooperation. While the Xiongnu posed a significant threat to China's northern frontier, leading to the construction of early sections of the Great Wall, there were also periods of diplomacy where the Han Dynasty sought to appease the Xiongnu through heqin (peace marriage) policies.

Beyond China, the Xiongnu had interactions with other steppe cultures and emerging civilizations, influencing and being influenced by them in aspects of warfare, trade, and cultural exchange.

Archaeology and Legacy

Archaeological findings in the Dornod region, including burial mounds (kurgans), artifacts, and inscriptions, provide insights into Xiongnu life. The artifacts demonstrate a blend of indigenous and foreign influences, including Chinese bronzes and Central Asian motifs. Burial sites, such as those containing horses and chariots, reflect the Xiongnu's emphasis on the cultural and economic value of horses.

The legacy of the Xiongnu period is significant in the context of Mongolian history. It set the stage for the emergence of subsequent nomadic empires, such as the Göktürks and, later, the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. The Xiongnu's strategies in warfare, diplomacy, and nomadic governance influenced these later cultures, embedding their mark on the historic and cultural development of the Eurasian Steppe.

In conclusion, the Xiongnu period in Dornod, Mongolia, encapsulates a transformative era, highlighting the dynamic interplay of nomadic livelihoods, military strategy, and intercultural interactions that shaped the history of this strategic region in the heart of Asia.

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OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
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SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
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TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
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TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
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TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
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ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (SAN001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 100%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (SAN001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 100%
Northern Asian 57%
Siberian 42.7%
Mongolian 14.7%
Japanese & Korean 32%
Japanese 32.0%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 11%
Tibetan 9.0%
Chinese 1.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample SAN001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

SAN001,0.02799126,-0.43397764,0.09310432,-0.03634074,-0.07293708,-0.04913734,0.02455998,0.02706272,0.01161034,0.01661558,-0.00026958,0.00373626,-0.00144734,0.00463696,-0.0100671,-0.01431978,-0.00699774,0.01035232,0.01713954,0.0091324,0.0218395,-0.0227889,-0.00020374,0.00210984,0.01053044
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Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

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