A man buried in Mongolia in the Middle Ages era

ARG001
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
ARG001
Date:
1000 CE - 1500 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
G2a1
Y-DNA:
R-Y37906
Cultural Period:
Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia
Location
Country:
Mongolia
Locality:
Tuv. Argali Mountain
Coordinates:
47.8681, 105.2531
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Medieval period in Tuv, Mongolia, corresponds with the dominance of the Mongol Empire, one of history's most expansive and influential empires. This era saw significant cultural, political, and economic transformations across the region, deeply influencing Mongol culture and Tuv's local developments.

Historical Context

The Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century, brought unprecedented unity to the vast territories stretching from East Asia to Europe. By the late medieval period, the empire had largely fragmented into various khanates, but the influence of its golden age continued to reverberate across the region. Tuv, centrally located in Mongolia, was integral to Mongol military strategy and cultural exchanges due to its geographical positioning.

Political Structure

During this time, Tuv, like much of Mongolia, was under the rule of the Mongol khans. The political structure was based on a sophisticated nomadic empire model, where loyalty to the khan and tribal affiliations coexisted. The Great Khanate retained nominal control over the region, although real power often resided with local nobles and leaders who managed day-to-day governance and military organization.

The aftermath of Möngke Khan's death in 1259 saw his brothers, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, vying for succession, leading to a civil war that affected regions like Tuv. Though Kublai Khan eventually succeeded in consolidating power, the conflict contributed to the gradual fragmentation of the empire into distinct khanates, such as the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and the Chagatai Khanate. This division diminished central imperial control over the Tuv region.

Culture and Society

The culture in late medieval Tuv was profoundly influenced by the rich tapestry of interactions facilitated by the Mongol Empire. Mongolian society was predominantly nomadic, structured around herding and the seasonal migration of livestock. This nomadic lifestyle fostered a culture of mobility, adaptability, and resistance to centralized agrarian states.

Social organization was deeply tied to tribal affiliations and the kinship system. Clans were the core social structure, with a strong emphasis on family honor, loyalty, and ancestral lineage. The Mongols had complex laws, known as Yassa, which were implemented to maintain order across the vast steppes and ensure loyalty to the khan.

Buddhism had started to weave into the fabric of Mongolian spiritual life by this period, although traditional shamanistic practices were still widespread. Religious tolerance was a hallmark of the Mongol Empire, allowing multiple faiths to coexist, and this was reflected in Tuv's diverse spiritual landscape.

Economy and Trade

The Mongol Empire's extensive trade networks enabled Tuv to engage in vibrant economic activities. The Silk Road, as well as other trade routes, approached Tuv, bringing goods, ideas, and technology from as far afield as China, Persia, and Europe. Key commodities included silk, spices, textiles, and precious metals, along with Mongolian horses, which were highly prized for their endurance and strength.

In addition to trade, the economy was primarily based on pastoralism. Livestock, particularly horses, sheep, and camels, were central to livelihoods, providing meat, milk, wool, and hides for trade and sustenance.

Military and Strategic Importance

Tuv's strategic importance was underscored by its role in Mongol military campaigns. Its location made it a crucial staging ground for expeditions, especially during the empire's expansionist zenith. The Mongol military system, renowned for its speed, discipline, and innovative tactics, relied heavily on the mobility provided by the steppe regions surrounding Tuv.

The military prowess of the Mongols was supported by a sophisticated communication network of yam stations (mail relay stations), which enabled the rapid transmission of orders and intelligence across the empire. Tuv, being centrally located, was integral to this system.

Legacy

The late medieval period in Tuv contributed significantly to the overarching legacy of the Mongol Empire. This era laid the foundations for modern Mongolia's cultural and historical identity. The synthesis of nomadic traditions, religious pluralism, and far-reaching trade interactions nurtured a unique culture that continues to echo in Mongolia's heritage.

In summary, late medieval Tuv was a microcosm of the broader Mongol Empire's dynamics—experiencing the confluence of nomadic cultural traditions, political evolution in a fragmented empire, and the vibrant exchange of ideas and goods across vast distances.

Related Samples
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
ARG001 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Argali Mountain, Mongolia View
ARG002 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Argali Mountain, Mongolia View
ARG003 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Argali Mountain, Mongolia View
AST001 Xiongnu Period Khuvsgul, Mongolia 164 BCE Khuvsgul. Atsyn Gol, Mongolia View
ATS001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 23 CE Tuv. Atsyn Am, Mongolia View
BAM001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Baruun Mukhdagiin Am, Mongolia View
BAU001 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1305 CE Selenge. Buural Uul, Mongolia View
BAY001 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Bayan Khairkhan. Bunkhantyn Gatsaa, Mongolia View
BAZ001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Banzart Khairkhan, Mongolia View
BER002 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1376 BCE Khovd. Berkh Mountain, Mongolia View
BIL001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan, Mongolia 1420 BCE Zavkhan. Biluutiin Am, Mongolia View
I17652 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Khentii. Bor Bulag, Mongolia View
BRG001 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Burgaldain Khundii, Mongolia View
BRG002 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Burgaldain Khundii, Mongolia View
BRG004 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Burgaldain Khundii, Mongolia View
BRG005 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Burgaldain Khundii, Mongolia View
BRL001 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1305 CE Selenge. Buural Uul, Mongolia View
BRL002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1250 CE Selenge. Buural Uul, Mongolia View
BRU001 Xiongnu Period Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Baruun Khovdiin Am, Mongolia View
BTO001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
BUL002 Middle to Late Bronze Age Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 2000 BCE Sukhbaatar. Bulgiin Ekh, Mongolia View
BUR001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 103 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
BUR002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
BUR003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
BUR004 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
CHD001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Chandgan Talyn Uurkhai, Mongolia View
CHN001 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 356 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN003 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 384 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN004 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN006 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN007 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN008 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN010 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 89 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN012 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN014 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 1323 CE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN015 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
CHN016 Early Iron Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Uvs, Mongolia 400 BCE Uvs. Chandman Mountain. Ulaangom cemetery, Mongolia View
DAR001 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Mongolia 750 BCE Ulaanbaatar. Dartsagt, Mongolia View
DAR002 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Mongolia 800 BCE Ulaanbaatar. Dartsagt, Mongolia View
DAS001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Lamt Mountain, Mongolia View
DEE001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1328 CE Arkhangai. Delen Tolgoi. Melkhii Chuluu, Mongolia View
DEL001 Xiongnu Period Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Delgerkhaan Uul, Mongolia View
DOL001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Khanan Uul, Mongolia View
DUU001 Late Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Khentii. Duulga Uul, Mongolia View
DUU002 Late Medieval Xiongnu 1221 CE Khentii. Duulga Uul, Mongolia View
EME002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Emeel Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ERD001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Erdene Mountain, Mongolia View
ERM001 Pre-Bronze Age Mongolia 3782 BCE Arkhangai. Erdenemandal, Mongolia View
FNO001 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 5995 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO003 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 6000 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO006 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 6000 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
FNO007 Pre-Bronze Age Buryatia, Russia 5882 BCE Buryatia. Fofonovo, Russia View
GAN002 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Ganzagad, Mongolia View
GTO001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Gangyn Tsagaan Ovoo, Mongolia View
GUN002 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Gun Tharmagtai, Mongolia View
HUD001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Khudgiin Am, Mongolia View
IAG001 Early Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 2570 BCE Khovd. Yagshiin Khuduu, Mongolia View
IKU001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Ikh Uvgun, Mongolia View
IMA001 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA002 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA003 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 174 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA004 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA005 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 169 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA006 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 51 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA007 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
IMA008 Xiongnu Period Buryatia, Russia 200 BCE Buryatia. Il'movaya Pad, Russia View
JAA001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 200 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
JAG001 Xiongnu Period Khentii, Mongolia 197 BCE Khentii. Jargalantyn Am. Jargalantyn Khondii/Hundhii, Mongolia View
KGK001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khirgest Khooloi, Mongolia View
KHI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1104 BCE Khovd. Khoit Tsenkher. Tarvagatain Am, Mongolia View
KHL001 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Khalzan Khoshuu. Bodonch Gol, Mongolia View
KHN001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
KHO001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1163 CE Khovd. Khoit Tsenkher. Tarvagatain Am, Mongolia View
KHO006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1150 BCE Khovd. Khoit Tsenkher. Tarvagatain Am, Mongolia View
KHO007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 26 CE Khovd. Khoit Tsenkher. Tarvagatain Am, Mongolia View
KHU001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Zavkhan, Mongolia 2000 BCE Zavkhan. Khukh Khoshuunii Boom, Mongolia View
KHV002 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Khavtsal II, Mongolia View
KNN001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
KNU001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Arkhangai. Khanui, Mongolia View
KRN001 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Karnikovyn Am, Mongolia View
KRN002 Late Medieval Selenge, Mongolia 1000 CE Selenge. Karnikovyn Am, Mongolia View
MIT001 Early Iron Age Tuv, Mongolia 1192 BCE Tuv. Morin Tolgoi, Mongolia View
MRI001 Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1000 CE Khuvsgul. Mori Baridag, Mongolia View
NAI001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
NAI002 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Naimaa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
NOM001 Early Medieval Mongolia 500 CE Arkhangai. Nomgonii Khundii, Mongolia View
NRC001 Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1000 CE Uvurkhangai. Baga Artsatyn Am. NW cemetery, Mongolia View
OLN001 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN002 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN003 Early Medieval Mongolia 772 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN004 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN005 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN007 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN008 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN009 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN010 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN011 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
OLN012 Early Medieval Mongolia 700 CE Arkhangai. Olon Dov, Mongolia View
PTO001 Early Iron Age Buryatia, Russia 1053 BCE Buryatia. Pesterevo 82, Russia View
RAH001 Late Medieval Khentii, Mongolia 1000 CE Khentii. Rahsaan Khad, Mongolia View
SAN001 Xiongnu Period Dornod, Mongolia 10 CE Dornod. Sant Uul, Mongolia View
SBG001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Khovd, Mongolia 1442 BCE Khovd. Shar Gobi-3. Shar gov' 3, Mongolia View
SHA001 Late Medieval Umungobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Umungobi. Shar Tolgoi, Mongolia View
SHG001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG002 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHG003 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Sharga Uul, Mongolia View
SHR001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Shar Khad, Mongolia View
SHT001 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3320 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHT002 Early Bronze Age Mongolia 3316 BCE Bayankhongor. Shatar Chuluu, Mongolia View
SHU001 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1107 BCE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SHU002 Early Iron Age to Late Medieval Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 1175 CE Uvurkhangai. Shunkhlai Mountain, Mongolia View
SKT001 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT002 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 340 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT003 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT004 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT005 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT006 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 162 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT007 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT008 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT009 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT010 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 356 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SKT012 Xiongnu to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 200 BCE Khuvsgul. Salkhityn Am, Mongolia View
SOL001 The Xiongnu People 200 BCE Arkhangai. Solbi Uul, Mongolia View
SON001 Xiongnu Period Tuv, Mongolia 200 BCE Tuv. Songino Khairkhan, Mongolia View
SOU001 Pre-Bronze Age Dornod, Mongolia 4684 BCE Dornod. South bank of Kherlen River, Mongolia View
TAH002 Late Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1000 CE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor II, Mongolia View
TAK001 Xiongnu Period Khovd, Mongolia 200 BCE Khovd. Takhiltyn Khotgor I, Mongolia View
TAV001 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV005 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV006 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TAV011 Late Medieval Xiongnu 200 BCE Sukhbaatar. Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TEV002 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TEV003 Xiongnu Period Uvurkhangai, Mongolia 200 BCE Uvurkhangai. Tevsh Mountain, Mongolia View
TMI001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 40 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSA001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA003 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA004 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA005 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA006 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSA007 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Tsagaan Chuluut, Mongolia View
TSB001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 660 CE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TSI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age Mongolia 900 BCE Arkhangai. Tsaidam Bag. Shiveet Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUH002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK001 Early Medieval Xiongnu 250 CE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK002 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUK003 Early Medieval Xiongnu 150 BCE Arkhangai. Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu. Burkhan Tolgoi, Mongolia View
TUM001 Early Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 500 CE Bulgan. Shoroon Bumbagar. Türkic mausoleum, Mongolia View
UGO001 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGO002 Late Medieval Mongolia 1000 CE Dornod. Ugoomor, Mongolia View
UGU001 Medieval Xiongnu 676 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU002 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU003 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU005 Medieval Xiongnu 17 CE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU006 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU010 Medieval Xiongnu 43 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
UGU011 Medieval Xiongnu 50 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
ULA001 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1035 CE Bulgan. Ulaan Kherem II, Mongolia View
ULI001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1278 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 651 CE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULI003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval Khovd, Mongolia 1203 BCE Khovd. lower and middle terraces. Uliastai River, Mongolia View
ULN001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1392 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN003 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1416 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN004 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 96 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN005 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1602 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN006 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN007 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN009 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN010 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1650 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN011 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1176 CE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
ULN015 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Xiongnu to Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1445 BCE Sukhbaatar. Ulaanzuukh, Mongolia View
UUS001 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1250 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UUS002 Middle to Late Bronze Age to Late Medieval Khuvsgul, Mongolia 1292 CE Khuvsgul. Uushigiin Uver, Mongolia View
UVG001 Xiongnu Period Bulgan, Mongolia 200 BCE Bulgan. Ovgont, Mongolia View
YUR001 Xiongnu Period Selenge, Mongolia 52 BCE Selenge. Yuroo II, Mongolia View
ZAA001 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA002 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 596 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA003 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1021 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA004 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 550 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA005 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 1033 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAA007 Early to Late Medieval Mongolia 671 CE Bulgan. Zaan-Khoshuu, Mongolia View
ZAM001 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAM002 Late Medieval Dundgobi, Mongolia 1000 CE Dundgobi. Zambaga Khairkhan, Mongolia View
ZAR002 Late Medieval Bulgan, Mongolia 1000 CE Bulgan. Zaraa Tolgoi, Mongolia View
ZAY001 Late Medieval Sukhbaatar, Mongolia 1000 CE Sukhbaatar. Khalgan Khoshuu. Zamyn Khashat. Khanan bor, Mongolia View
I14037 1422 BCE Sükhbaatar aimag. Tuvshinshiree sum. Bulgiin ekh. Tomb 47, Mongolia View
I13180 3012 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kumdii govi barrow. burial 2, Mongolia View
I6361 2619 BCE Bayan-Ulgii aimag. Ulaankhus sum. Kurgak govi barrow 2 secondary burial, Mongolia View
I13173 1876 BCE Khovd. Munkhkhairkhan sum. Ulaan goviin uzuur barrow 2, Mongolia View
UGU002 41 BCE Selenge. Uguumur Uul, Mongolia View
I6362 1044 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Khudzhirtyn gol I. kurgan 2, Mongolia View
I12957 2574 BCE Khovd. Bulgan sum. Yagshiin hodoo. Barrow 3, Mongolia View
BOR001 Early Iron Age Slab Grave Culture Khentii, Mongolia 982 BCE Bor-Bulag (Khentii Province, Binder District), Mongolia View
BUL001 Late Bronze Age Ulaanzukh 2, Mongolia 1422 BCE Bulgiin-ekh (Sükhbaatar Province, Tüvshinshiree District), Mongolia View
KUM001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 3012 BCE Kumdii-govi (Bayan-Ölgii Province, Ulaankhus District), Mongolia View
KUR001 Early Bronze Age Ulgii 1, Mongolia 2619 BCE Kurgak govi (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Ulaankhus sum), Mongolia View
UAA001 Middle Bronze Age Munkhkhairkhan 2, Mongolia 1876 BCE Ulaan-goviin-uzuur (Khovd Province, Mönkhkhairkhan District), Mongolia View
UGU004 Medieval Xiongnu 41 BCE Uguumur-Uul (Selenge Province, Sant District), Mongolia View
ULZ001 Late Bronze Age Center West 5, Mongolia 1044 BCE Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 (Khovd Province, Üyench District), Mongolia View
YAG001 Early Bronze Age Chemurchek Culture 2, Mongolia 2574 BCE Yagshiin-Khuduu (Khovd Province, Bulgan District), Mongolia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
ARG001 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Argali Mountain, Mongolia View
ARG002 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Argali Mountain, Mongolia View
ARG003 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Argali Mountain, Mongolia View
BAY001 Late Medieval Tuv, Mongolia 1000 CE Tuv. Bayan Khairkhan. Bunkhantyn Gatsaa, Mongolia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ARG001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 84%
Neolithic Farmers 6%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 5%
European Hunter-Gatherers 3%
Ancient Native Americans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ARG001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 91%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 56%
Chinese 50.5%
Tibetan 5.1%
Northern Asian 19%
Mongolian 11.0%
Siberian 7.7%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 9%
Central Asian 8.5%
Japanese & Korean 6%
Japanese 6.5%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 1%
Levantine 0.9%
Northern West Asian 1%
Mesopotamian 0.7%
Europe 6%
Eastern European 6%
Eastern European 6.0%
Northwestern European 0%
America 2%
America 2%
Native American 1.8%
Africa 1%
North African 1%
Egyptian 0.7%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample ARG001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

ARG001,0.03998106,-0.3618386,0.02245022,-0.0368236,0.03261872,0.01108128,0.0022381,0.00109104,-0.00399696,0.00077636,-0.04370302,-0.00622586,0.00875612,-0.01532828,-0.00504044,-0.00269132,-0.00291804,0.00019636,0.00150766,-0.00406768,0.0082899,-0.00331528,0.00764696,0.0027827,-0.02052704
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe
Authors:
Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S
Abstract:

The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region's population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.

Link:
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