A man buried in Russia in the Middle Bronze Age era

I0371
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0371
Date:
2871 BCE - 2581 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
U2d2
Y-DNA:
R-M12149
Cultural Period:
Middle Bronze Poltavka
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka
Coordinates:
53.5898, 50.5713
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Poltavka culture, a Middle Bronze Age culture of the Eurasian Steppe, emerged approximately between 2700 and 2100 BCE. This culture is considered a descendant of the earlier Yamnaya culture and is often discussed in relation to its contemporaries, such as the Catacomb culture, with which it shares some overlapping characteristics and geographical territories.

Geography and Environment:

The Poltavka culture was situated primarily in the steppes of what is now southern Russia and western Kazakhstan. This region is characterized by vast open grasslands, ideal for pastoral nomadism, which was the predominant lifestyle of the Poltavka people. The climate in these regions featured cold winters and warm summers, facilitating a reliance on herd animals that could graze in the expansive plains.

Social Structure and Lifestyle:

The Poltavka culture was primarily pastoral, relying on herds of cattle, sheep, and horses. This pastoralist economy suggests a society that was relatively mobile, with a semi-nomadic lifestyle. The presence of horse burials indicates the importance of horses for transportation and possibly even early forms of mounted warfare or mobility, which would later become a hallmark of steppe cultures.

The social structure of the Poltavka people, inferred from burial practices and settlement patterns, suggests a hierarchical society. The complexity of burial mounds (kurgans) indicates social stratification, with leaders or individuals of higher status receiving more elaborate burials. These kurgans often contained grave goods, such as pottery and weaponry, signifying the deceased’s status and role within the community.

Material Culture and Technology:

Poltavka material culture exhibits a transition from the simpler forms seen in the Yamnaya period to more advanced toolmaking and pottery. Poltavka pottery is generally characterized by its undecorated forms used for everyday purposes, although some later examples show minimal decoration which might signify aesthetic development or cultural influences from neighboring cultures.

The people of the Poltavka culture also utilized metal, with evidence of copper and bronze tools, and weapons found in burial contexts. The skill in metallurgy is evidenced through the production of items such as daggers, axes, and ornamental items, suggesting both a practical and economic use of metal resources.

Burial Practices:

Burial practices in the Poltavka culture are notably significant for understanding their societal and spiritual beliefs. The kurgans, or burial mounds, are a prominent feature of their mortuary practices, often containing individual burials accompanied by grave goods. Horses, found in some high-status burials, further underscore the animal's significance culturally and economically. The orientation and structure of these burials suggest a belief in an afterlife or an understanding of the spiritual significance of death.

Interactions and Influence:

The Poltavka culture was not isolated; it interacted with neighboring cultures, including the Catacomb and Abashevo cultures. These interactions are evident in shared burial practices and similarities in material culture. Trade or conflict likely facilitated cultural exchanges, evident in the integration or adaptation of foreign materials and technologies.

Legacy:

The Poltavka culture plays a crucial role in the ancestry of later steppe cultures, contributing to the spread of Indo-European languages across the region. Their developments in horse domestication and pastoral economy paved the way for the rise of subsequent cultures like the Srubnaya and Andronovo. The cultural memory and practices of the Poltavka people also arguably set a precedent for the nomadic lifestyles that came to dominate the steppe regions in later centuries.

In conclusion, the Middle Bronze Age Poltavka culture represents a significant period in the evolution of Eurasian steppe societies. Their advances in social organization, material culture, and mobility set the foundations for the dynamic historical transformations that followed in the region.

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I1585 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1583 6424 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
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I0724 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0854 6228 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0723 6008 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0371 2871 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
I0060 2404 BCE Rothenschirmbach, Germany View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0126 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2867 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Kutuluk River. Kutuluk III, Russia View
I0432 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2925 BCE Samara Oblast. Sok River. Potapovka I, Russia View
I0442 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2800 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Bolshoi Irgiz River. Zhuravlikha I, Russia View
I6294 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2877 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
I7671 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2885 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Bobrovka, Russia View
I8745 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2500 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Nikolaevka Kurgan, Russia View
I0374 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2800 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Nikolaevka III, Russia View
I0440 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2887 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino II, Russia View
I0371 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2871 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
I0418 Middle Bronze Poltavka 2131 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Utyevka VI, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0371) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 76%
European Hunter-Gatherers 18%
Neolithic Farmers 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0371) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 76%
Northwestern European 46%
English 22.5%
Finnish 12.5%
Scandinavian 8.9%
Northwestern European 2.5%
Eastern European 30%
Eastern European 29.7%
Asia 22%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 17%
Pakistan 17.2%
Northern West Asian 5%
Caucasian 5.3%
America 2%
America 2%
Native American 1.5%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0371 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0371,0.11499828,0.0760996,0.03935924,0.05262052,-0.00333324,0.02118332,0.01066888,0.01031544,-0.01892676,-0.0329612,0.00338136,-0.00425436,0.00768128,0.00063364,-0.00064588,-0.0027312,-0.00400704,-0.00197268,-0.00206132,-0.00576556,-0.00021816,-0.0001244,-0.00589352,0.0077032,-0.00130406
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
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